Lena (river)[地]勒拿河,xxv,515
Leo, St. (Leo the Great)[人]圣利奥,76
Leo III (of Cilicia)[人](西里西亚的)利奥三世,371
Leo IV (the Khazar; Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥四世,179
Leo VI (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥六世,178,180
Levedia[地]列维底亚,177,178,182
Levedian culture[专]列维底亚文化,67,549注
Levunion, Mount[地]列瓦尼恩山,184
Lezghians (Lezginy)[族]列兹基人,246
Lhasa[地]拉萨(布达拉宫),523,526-527,532,533,540;Potala,524,533
Li An-ch'uan[人]李安全,226,227
Liang[朝]梁,59,64
Liang, Hou-[朝]后梁,见Hou-Liang
Liangchow (Erginul; Ergiuul)[地]凉州,35,54,112,306
Liang K'in[人]梁慬,47
Liang Shu[书]《梁书》,68
Liao (dynasty)[朝]辽代(契丹),见Khitan
Liao (river)[地]辽河,39,54,61,83,127,128,164,196,228,293
Liaosi[地]辽西,53-54,57,88,108,112,230
Liaotung[地]辽东,39,53,57,58,128,250,507,510
Liaoyang[地]辽阳,131,136,138,139,227,228,229,516
Li Chih-ch'ang[人]李志常,249,275-276,590注
Liegnitz (Legnica)[地]里格尼兹,266
Li Ki-lung[人]李继隆,132-133
Li Ki-ts'ien[人]李继迁(赵保机),见Chao Pao-Ki
Li K'o-yung[人]李克用,126-127
Li Kuang-li[人]李广利,36
Li Ling[人]李陵,36
Linchow[地]灵州,568注
Lingchow (Lingwu)[地]灵州(灵武),108,126,132,226,247,568注
Lingdan[人]林丹汗,见Legdan
Lingkiu[地]灵丘,107,108,
Lingwu[地]灵武(灵州),见Lingchow
Linhwang[地]临潢,130,136
Lintao[地]临洮,517注
Li-pien-a-ta[人]列边阿塔,见Rabban-ata
Li Po, The Man of the Marches[人]李白《行行且游猎篇》,102
Li-p'o-chuen[人]栗婆准,99
Li Shih-min[人]李世民(唐太宗),见T'ai-tsung
Li Shih-tsi[人]李世筈,92
Lithuania[地]立陶宛,399,407,436,443,469
Lithuanians[族]立陶宛人,471
Li Tsin-chung[人]李尽忠,108
Li Tsing[人]李靖,92
Li-tsung[人]宋理宗,259
Li Ts'un-hsü[人]李存助,127,128
Little Horde (Kishi-jüz)[族]小帐(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克),478,480,485,521,522,625注;参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Little Pulu[朝]小勃律,见Gilgit
Little Yüeh-chih (Hsia Yüeh-chih)[族]小月氏,28-29
Li Tzu-ch'eng[人]李自成,517,518
Liu Chih-yüan[人]刘知远,130
Liu Fu-t'ung[人]刘福通,323
Liu Ts'ung[人]刘聪,xxviii,56,57
Liu Wei[人]刘伟,453
Liu Yüan[人]刘渊,56
Li Yi[人]李祎,118
Lobdzang[人]罗卜藏,512
Lob Nor[地]罗布泊,xxii,35,37,40,41,42,52,96,303,306,312,344,424;参见Shanshan; Yiwu
bLo-bzang (Nag-dbang bLo-bzang)[人]阿旺·罗卜藏,523-524,532
Loehr, Max[人]马克思·劳尔,4
Loire[地]卢瓦尔河,74
Lo-Lo[族]罗罗人,283-284
Lombards[族]伦巴德人,60,173,174
Longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·隆朱米,见André de Longjumeau; Guy (Guillaume)de Longjumeau
Loni[地]洛尼,444
Lop (Charkhlik)[地]罗不,306
Lore[地]罗耳,260
Lorraine[地]洛林,178
Louis IX (St. Louis)[人]路易斯九世,圣·路易斯,273,276,277,281,349
Louis the Child[人]孩童路易斯,178
Loulan[朝]楼兰,35,37,40,41,42
Loyang[地]洛阳,xxix,41,48,49,56,57,58,59,61,63,65,120,121,122,126,127,259,558注
Lu[人]鲁王,518
Lucalongo, Petrus da[人]彼得鲁斯,见Petrus da Lucalongo
Lüders, Heinrich[人]吕德斯,29
Lugar[地]卢卡尔河,590注
Lugovskoye[地]卢戈伊什科耶,558注
Lu-ho (Luke; name)[人]鲁合,301
Lukchun[地]鲁克沁,42,47
Luke (son of 'Isä)[人]鲁合,304
Lu Kuang[人]吕光,50,59,60
Luleburgaz (Arcadiopolis)[地]卢累布尔加兹,76,184
Lung[地]龙庭,34
Lungcheng[地]龙城,557注
Lungmen[地]龙门,64,65
Lungsi[地]陇西,见Kungchang
Lungtö,[地]隆德,248
Lur[族]罗耳人,432
Luristan[地]卢里斯坦,11,169,355,430,432
Lü Shih-chung[人]刘时中,284
Lutsang[地]鲁仓,525
Lü Wen-huang[人]吕文涣,287
Lwanping[地]滦平,24,25
Lycaonia[地]利考尼亚(科尼亚),见Konya
Lycia[地]吕基亚,452
Lyons[地]里昂,270
Macedonia[地]马其顿,449
Madali[人]马达里(穆罕默德·阿里),见Muhammad 'Ali
Madyes[人]马代斯,9
Maes Titianos[人]马厄斯·梯梯安洛斯,40,48,313
Magadha[朝]摩揭陀,71
Magdalenian culture[文]马格德林文化,3,13
Maghas (Mankas; Monkas)[地]蔑怯思,265
Maghreb[地]马格里布,355
Magnesia ad Sipylum (Manisa)[地]马格尼西亚,453
Magyars[族]马扎尔人,xxviii,174,177-179,181,182
Mahamu[人]马合木,503,504,628注
Ma-hei-ma[人]马黑麻,见Muhammad (活跃于1560年)
Mahmud (of Ghazni;死于1030年)[人](加兹尼的)马赫穆德,144,145-146,149,150
Mahmud (1487-93)[人]马合木,481
Mahmud (1487-1508)[人]马哈木,463,482,496-497
Mahmud (1494-95)[人]马合谋,464
Mahmudabad[地]马哈茂达巴德,462
Mahmud-beg[人]马合谋伯格,382,385
Mahmudek[人]马赫穆提克,472
Mahmud ibn Muhammad[人]马赫默德·伊本·穆罕默德,158
Mahmud khan[人]马合谋汗,416
Mahmud Shah II[人]马茂德·沙二世,444,445
Mahmud Yalavach[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,250-251,272,328,352
“Mahone”[专]马霍恩贸易公司,452
Maikop[地]迈科普,545注
Maiyafariqin[朝]蔑牙法里勒异密国,360
Maikhan (tent)[专]迈克罕,196
Maikop[地]迈科普,4,16
Maitreya khutukhtu[人]迈达里·胡土克图,514
Majapahit[朝]满者伯夷国,291
Majd ad-Din Baghdadi[人]马扎德丁·巴格达第,589注
Makikha[人]马基哈,356,357
Makhmet-kul (Muhammad-quli)[人]马赫麦特·库耳,489
Makhtum khanim[人]马黑秃木·哈尼木,506,508
Ma K'ing-siang[人]马金襄,593注
Malabar[地]无离拔,315
Malaya[地]马来亚,311
Malayu[地]马拉尤,600注
Malazgirt (Manzikert)[地]曼吉克特,152,184
Malfuzat-i Timuri[书]《帖木儿名言录》,444-445
Malik (as title)[专]马立克(称号,意为王),352
Malikshah[人]马立克沙赫,147,152-153,154,155,158
Mal-kal Tungus[族]靺鞨通古斯人,515
Mallu Iqbal[人]马鲁·伊黑巴勒,444,445
Malta (nr. Irkutsk)[地]马尔塔,3
Ma Lung[人]马隆,54
Malvan[地]马尔瓦(印度),32
Malwa[地]马尔瓦(印度),69,70,71,146
Malyi-Terek[地]马尔义特列克,558注
Mamai (Mamaq; 1361-80)[人]马麦,405-406,407,436
Mamai (活跃于1523年)[人]马迈(诺盖汗),473
Mamelukes[专]马木路克人(奴隶),153,155,245,263
Mamelukes (dynasty)[朝]马木路克王朝,364-365,366,368,370,371,373-376,Mamelukes (dynasty)(cont.)382,384-385,387,398,400,403,404,405,433,434,446-448
Manas (river)[地]玛纳斯河,100,342,344,422,491
Manchouli[地]满洲里,3
Manchu (dynasty)[朝]清朝,63,66,510,515-520,528-533,536-542
Manchu (people)[族]满族人,515,516
Manchukuo[朝]满洲国,515
Manchuria[地]满洲,80,85,128,134,136,137,211,227,228,229,293,294,515,516,517,519,529,538
Mandaghol[人]满都古勒,509
Mandasur[族]曼达索尔家族,71
Mandughai[人]满都海赛音,509
Manegir[族]玛尼基尔人,515
Mangala[人]忙哥剌,307,605注
Mangit[族]曼吉特部(诺盖部),见Nogai (tribe)
Mangu Timur (Mongka Temür)[人]忙哥帖木儿,292,333,366,371,401,606注
Mangyshlak Peninsula[地]曼吉什拉特半岛,521,522
Maniak[人]曼尼亚克,184
Maniakh[人]马尼亚克,83
Manichaean art[文]摩尼教艺术,122,124
Manichaeanism[宗]摩尼教,121,122,124-125,197,304,319
Manisa[地]马格尼西亚,见Magnesia ad Sipylum
Mankas[地]蔑怯思,见Maghas
Manqud[人]忙古惕,194,210
Mansur (死于1393年)[人]曼苏尔,431,432-433
Mansur (Mansur-khan; 1503-43)[人]满速儿汗,497,499
Mansur I ibn-Nuh[人]曼苏尔一世(伊本·努赫),143
Mansurov[人]曼苏罗夫,475
Manzi[朝]蛮子国,309,311
Manzikert[地]曼吉克特,见Malazgirt
Mao-tun[人]昌顿单于,27,28
Mao'undur[地]卯温都儿,210
Mar Abraham[人]马·雅巴拉哈,369
Maragheh[地]蔑剌合,245,262,359,367,368,377,379,382;望楼,384;蔑剌合,373,379,383
Marawsik-ila[地]马拉什克亦拉,326
Mar Denha[人]马·德赫,367,368,369
Mardin[地]马尔丁,433
Mar Guiwarguis[人]马·基瓦古斯,303
Marguz (Marcus)Buyiruq[人]马儿忽思不亦鲁,191
Marhasia (Christian bishops)[专]马儿哈昔,300
Maria (sister of Andronicus II)[人](拜占庭皇帝安德努尼卡斯二世的妹妹)马利亚,385
Marignolli, Giovanni da[人]约翰·马黎诺里,见Giovanni da Marignolli
Marinus (of Tyre)[人](提尔的)马里努斯,40
Maritsa[地]马里查山谷,184
Mariupol[地]马里乌波尔,246,407,436
Mar James[人]马·詹姆斯,369
Marj as-Soffar[地]马尔杰·索法尔,382
Mar Jesusabran[人]马·耶稣沙布兰,369
Mark (活跃于1248年)[人]马克,349
Markanda[地]马尔干达,撒麻耳干,见Samarkand
Märkit[族]蔑儿乞部,192,195,201,204,205,207,208,213,215,216,234,578注,584注
Mar Koka[地]马科卡,368
Markus[人]麻古思,见Mar Yahballaha III
Marquart Josef[人]马迦特,68,171,180,182
Mar Särgis (Ma Sie-li-ki-ssu)[人]马薜里吉思,302
Mar Sehyon[地]马塞坊,368
Mar Shalita[地]蔑剌合,见Maragheh条下
Martinovka[地]马提诺威卡,575注
Martonocha[地]马尔托罗查,10
Maruta,St.[人]圣·马鲁塔,361
Mary (daughter of Michael Palaeologus)[人](迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯的女儿)马丽公主,368
Mar Yahballaha III (Markus)[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世(麻古思),301,302-303,336,368-369,372,373,377,379,383
Mashhad[地]麦士德(图斯),见Tus
Ma Sie-li-ki-ssu[人]马薜里吉思,见Mar Särgis
Maspero, Georges[人]马斯佩罗,19-20
Massagetae[族]马萨革泰人,9,547注
Mas'ud (1030-40)[人]马苏德,146,149
Mas'ud (1133-52)[人]马苏德,158
Mas'ud (活跃于1495年)[人]麻素提,464
Mas'ud II[人]马苏德二世,382,387
Mas'udi[人]马苏第,181
Mas'ud Yalavach (Mas'ud-beg)[人]麻速忽·牙剌洼赤(麻速忽伯格),269,328,331-335,352
Ma'sum Shah Murad[人]马桑·沙·穆拉德,486-487
Ma-ta-ku[人]麻达葛,139-140,227
Matarka[地]马他喀贸易据点,180
Mathura[地]孔雀城(摩突罗),32,146
Matla' es-sa'dein[书]《两幸福之会合》,见'Abd ar-Razzaq Samarqandi
Maurice (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)毛里斯,562注
Mazanderan[地]马赞德兰,351,353,354,390,428,432,464
Mazdaism[宗]马资达教,7,84,101,219
Mecca[地]麦加,244,373,414,430
Medes[族]米底人,7
Media[地]麦地那,9,11,31
Megujin se'ultu[人]蔑古真·薜兀勒图,204
Mehmed II[人]穆赫默德二世,471
Meimundiz[地]麦门底司堡,354
Melankhlenes[族]米兰克尼勒斯人,10,11
Melgunov[地]麦勒古罗夫,10
Melitopol[地]美利托波尔,15,546注
Menander[人]弥南,173
Menbij (Hierapolis)[地]门比杰,40,361
Meng Kung[人]孟珙,282
Mengli Girei (Geray)[人]明里·格来,470,471,472
Meng T'ien[人]蒙恬,26-27
Mentese[地]门泰斯,449,451,452
Merhart, J.[人]麦哈特,16-17,25,37
Merovingians[朝]墨洛温王朝(人),60
Merv[地]莫夫(马里),xxi,40,67,68,80,85,116,117,144,147,150,159,160,164,167,191,240,242,243,312,334,369,483,487
Meshed[地]麦什德(图斯),见Tus
Meshed-i-Sar (Babulsar)[地]麦什德·萨尔,432
Mesia[地]麦西亚,78
Mesopotamian art[文]美索不达米亚艺术,4,11-12
Metz[地]梅斯,76
Michael Palaeologus[人]迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯,368,399,400
Middle Horde (Orta-jüz)[朝]中帐,478,480,522,532,625注,参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Mien[朝]缅甸,见Burma
Mihaeni[地]米赫埃尼,8
Mika'il[人]米凯尔,149
Mikhailovka[地]米海洛夫卡,6,8
Mikirakula[人]摩醯逻矩罗,71,248
Mikoyanabad[地]米高扬纳巴德,见Kabadian
Milan[地]米兰,56,76
Mindor[地]闵多儿,260
Mindszent[地]明曾特,176
Ming[朝]明朝,319,323,324,325,424,453,456,459,488,494,496,498-499,502-507,510-511,512,516,517,518,540
Ming-an[人]明安,588注
Mingchow[地]明州(宁波),见Ningpo
Mingghan (army captain)[专]敏罕(千夫长),222
Ming-lak[地]明拉克,626注
Ming-shih[书]《明史》,494,495,496,499,503-507,510
Ming-ti[人]明帝,42,43
Minorsky, V. F.[人]米诺尔斯基,146,172,180,185
Min Shan[地]鸣沙山,108
Minteke[地]明铁盖达坂,41
Miraj[地]米拉杰,445
Minusinsk[地]米努辛斯克,xxiii,xxv,24,28,66-67,124,216,549注,556注,558注,艺术4,5,6,14,15,17-19,66,176
Mir 'Ali Shir Newa'i[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,465
Miran[地]米兰,41,49
Miranshah[人]米兰沙,427,430,433,434,437,456,458
Mir Bayezid[人]迷里拜牙即,410
Mirdasid dynasty[朝]米尔达西朝,152
Mir Husain[人]迷里忽辛,见Husain (活跃于1360年)
Mirkhond[人]米尔空,67,245,464,465
Mirza 'Abdallah[人]米儿咱阿布达拉赫,见'Abdallah ibn-Qazghan
Mirza Iskander[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,426
Mitan[地]卡巴·马坦,见Kaba-matan
Mithridates II[人]密特里达提二世,31
Mitrovica[地]米特洛维察(锡尔米蒙),见Sirmium
Mizuki[地]麦诸基,289
Mobarek-shah[人]木八剌沙,332,334
Mo-ch'o (Mo-cho; Bak-chor; Qapagan-khagan)[人]默啜,107-108,109,110,116,127-128,565注
Moesia[地]麦西亚,174,177
Mogholistan[地]蒙兀儿斯坦,342-346,419,420,422,424,425,426,438,459,460-461,463,480,482,490-501,506,507
Mogholtai[人]蒙古台,332
Mohi[地]莫希,266
Mo-ho[族]靺鞨578注
Mojak, moje[专]慕阇(称号),见Mu-shö
Mo-ki-lien[人]默棘连,110-111,112,113,565注
Moldavia[地]摩尔达维亚,4,6,181,268
Mologa[地]莫洛加河,265
Mongka[人]蒙哥,264-65,267,272-276,280-284,288,298,300,320,329,330,349-350,352,353,354,357,363,394,395,397,512,596注,598注,606注
Mongka Temür[人]忙哥帖木儿,见Mangu Timur
Mong-ku[族]萌古,197
Mongol language[文]蒙古语,xxv,228,277,544注,579注-580注
Mongol script[文]蒙古文,252,298-299;Uiguro-Mongol,516,521
Mong-wu (Mong-wa)[族]蒙兀,579注
Monkas[地]蔑怯思,见Maghas
Mon-Khmer[族]纯高棉种人,290
Montecorvino, Giovanni da[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,见Giovanni da Montecorvino
Morava[地]摩拉瓦河,76
Moravia[地]摩拉维亚(大摩拉维亚),266,395;Great Moravia,175,178
Mordvian culture, so-called[文]摩尔达维亚文化,11
Mordvinians[族]摩尔多维亚人,472
Morosova[地]摩罗索瓦,549注
Moscow[地]莫斯科,265,404,405,407,436,470,472,473
Mostaert, Father A.[人]老莫斯特尔特,530-531
Mosul[地]摩苏尔,158,263-264,347,349,355,366,391
Mo-yen-cho (Bayan-chor; Ko-lo; Moyun-chor)[人]默延啜(葛勒),120,121,565注,567注
Mozhaisk[地]莫扎伊斯克,407,436
Mstislav (the Bold)[人]勇士密赤思腊,246
Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad[人]穆巴里克·丁·穆罕默德,390-391
Mugan[地]木干草原,245,261,262,263,271,281,347,357,359,456,594注
Muhammad (Prophet)[人](先知)穆罕默德,500
Muhammad (1105-18)[人]穆罕默德,158
Muhammad II (活跃于1403年)[人]穆罕默德二世,452
Muhammad (Ma-hei-ma;活跃于1560年)[人]马黑麻,499
Muhammad (活跃于1603年)[人]麻法默德,500
Muhammad Hajji[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,见Hajji Muhammad
Muhammad (of Ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,见Shihab ad-Din Muhammad
Muhammad (of Khwarizm)[人]摩诃末(阿拉·阿德丁·摩诃末),见'Ala ad-Din Muhammad
Muhammad 'Ali (Madali)[人]穆罕默德·阿里(马达里),488-489
Muhammad Amin[人]穆罕默德·阿明,473
Muhammad Bughra-Khan[人]博格拉汗,穆罕默德,147
Muhammad Girei[人]穆罕默德·格来,473
Muhammad Haidar I[人]穆罕默德·海达尔一世,463,494
Muhammad Haidar II (Haidarmirza)[人]穆罕默德·海达尔二世,497,498,499,627注;《拉失德史》344,416,423,424,425,480,481,482,491-495,497,499,500,504,506,507,508
Muhammad ibn-Tughlugh[人]穆罕默德·本·图格卢,341,443
Muhammad-khan[人]马黑麻汗,425,619注
Muhammad-quli[人]马赫麦德·库耳,见Makhmet-kul
Muhammad Sam[人]穆罕默德·沙姆,386
Muhammad Shaybani[人]穆罕默德·昔班尼,464,465,481,482,483,486,487,497-498,615注
Muhammad Timur[人]穆罕默德·帖木儿,483
Muhammad 'Umar[人]穆罕默德·奥玛尔,488
Muhammad Yusuf[人]马黑麻·亦速甫,500
Mu-han[人]木杆可汗,82
Mu-ho[人]莫何,88
Mu'in ad-Din Suleiman[人]穆因哀丁·苏来曼,370
Mu'izz ad-Din Husain Kert[人]穆兹丁·胡赛因,343,390,426
Mu-jung[族]慕容氏(前燕、后燕国),57,58,61,577注;参见Hou-Yen; Ts'ien-Yen
Mu-jung Ch'uei[人]慕容垂,59
Mu-jung Tsiun[人]慕容鯭,58
Mukachevo[地]穆卡切沃,见Munkacs
Mukden[地]沈阳,516,519
Mukri[族](拜占庭作家记)蔑儿乞人,578注
Muktapida[人]木多笔,118-119
Multan[地]木尔坦,242,340,443,444,446
Mumash[人]谟麻失汗,508
Mu'min,al-[人]阿布德·穆明,见'Abd al-Mu'min
Munda languages[文]穆恩答语,576注
Mundzuk (Mundiukh)[人]蒙杜克,75
Munglik[人]蒙力克,217,218,585注
Munkacs (Mukachevo)[地]穆卡切沃,266
Munte, Guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,见Guillaume de Munte
Muqali (Muquli)[人]木华黎,202,203,206,223,232-233,247,588注
Mures[文]穆里斯文化,6
Murgab (place)[地]穆耳加布,386
Murgab (river)[地]穆耳加布河,340,461,465
Murtuk[地]穆尔吐克,52,96,98,124
Mus[地]穆什,391,430,431,459,462
Musa[地]穆萨,149
Muscovy[地]莫斯科维,395,407,436,438,441,452,470,471,473,475,489,522,540
Mu-shö (mojak, moje; as title)[专]慕阇,121
Musta'sim, al-[人]穆斯台耳绥姆,354,355-356
Mu'tamid[人]穆塔米德,142
Mutan[地]忽尔卡河,见Hurka
Mütügen[人]木阿秃干,241,271,329,334
Muzaffarids[朝]穆扎法尔朝,343,390-391,426,431,432,433
Muzaffar-i Kashi[人]穆札菲·喀什,431
Muzart[人]穆扎尔特,xxiii,555注
Mylapore[地]马八儿,313,315,319
Mysia[地]麦西亚,453
Nablus[地]纳布卢斯,362
Nadir-shah[人]纳迪尔沙,486,488
Nagchu[地]那曲,533
Nag-dbang bLo-bzang,见bLo-bzang
Nagy Czeks[地]纳吉·者克斯,267
Naiman[族]乃蛮部,xxiv,xxv,126,190-191,204-208,212-217,233,234,235-236,301
Naissus (Nis)[地]尼什,76
Nakhichevan[地]纳希切万,281,348,378,430,434,458
Nakhsheb (Nasef)[地]那黑沙不,341
Naksh-i Jahan[人]纳黑失只罕,425,619注
Na-li[人]那利,100
Namghin[地]安庆(或开封)(马可记),310
Na-mo[人]那摩,275,276,298
Nam Tso[地]纳木错(腾格里湖),见Tengri Nor
Nanchang (Hungchow)[地]南昌(洪州)122,137
Nancheng[地]南郑(汉中),见Hanchung
Nanchow[朝]云南国,见Yunnan
Nangin[地]南京,310
Nan-kia[专]南家(金人称宋朝),593注
Nangkiyas (Nang-kiyas; nikasa)[人]宁甲速,593注
Nanking (Kienkang; Kienning; Kinling-fu; Quelinfu)[地]南京(建康,金陵府),57,62,64,68,132,137,287,308,316,323,325
Nankow (Kiu-yung-kuan)Pass[地]南关(居庸关),106,507
Nanshan[地]南山,28,35
Nanyang[地]南阳,258
Nan-Yen[朝]南燕,557注
Naples[地]那不勒斯,319,374
Narasihapati[人]那罗梯诃波帝,290
Narasimhagupta[人]纳罗新哈·笈罗,70,71
Narin, David[人]大卫·纳林,见David Narin
Naryn[地]纳林河,423
Nasawi[人]奈撒微(《札兰丁传》的作者),241,589注
Nasef[地]纳黑沙布,见Nakhsheb
Nasir, an-(1180-1225)[人](哈里发)纳昔儿,237-238
Nasir an-(活跃于1320年)[人]纳绥尔(埃及马木路克王朝苏丹),404
Nasir ad-Din[人]纳速剌丁,601注
Nasir ad-Din 'Ubaidallah[人]纳昔儿·丁·乌拜达拉赫,495
Nasir Yusuf, an-[人]纳绥尔·玉素甫,360,361-362,362-363
Nasr ibn-Ahmed[人]纳斯尔·伊本·阿赫默德,141-142
Nasr II ibn-Ahmed[人]纳斯尔二世(伊本·阿赫默德),142
Nauruz[人]捏兀鲁思,352,376-380
Nauruz Ahmed[人]老奴思·阿合木,508
Naya[人]那雅,215,223
Nayan (活跃于1287)[人]乃颜,293
Nayan[人]伯颜,见Bayan (1301-09)
Nazar[人]那札儿(吉尔吉斯汗),499
Negda[族]涅格达人,515
Nehavend[地]尼哈温,116,432
Nejm Sani[人]纳吉姆·沙尼,484
Nemesvolgy[地]内麦斯沃尔吉,176
Neolithic period[专]新石器时期,3
Nepryadva[地]涅普里亚德瓦河,406
Nesef[地]内塞弗,457
Nessa[地]奈撒,241,243
Nestorian art[文]聂思托里安教艺术,26,124
Nestorianism[宗]聂思托里安教(景教),125,142,189,190,191,197,220,237,263,270,271,277,280,300-304,306,315,327,341,342,368,369,383,396,397,597注;教士,300,602注;也里可温,300,602注
Neustadt[地]诺伊施塔特,267
Nevsky, Alexander[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,见Alexander Nevsky
Ngan-tö[人]安得,42,44
Nghean[地]义安,290
Nicaea (Iznik)[地]尼西亚(伊兹尼克),153,350,385,451
Nicephorus I[人]黎塞弗留斯一世,177
Nicholas IV, Pope[人](教皇)尼古拉四世,313,336,373,375,376
Nicholas, Friar[人](修士)尼古拉,319
Nicolo di Pagana[人]尼可洛·迪帕加纳,404
Nicomedia[地]尼科美底亚(伊兹米特),见Izmit
Nicopolis[地]尼科堡,449,452
Nicosia[地]尼科西亚,349
Nien-mo-ho[人]粘没喝,136,137
Nikolayev[地]尼科拉耶夫,4,5
Nikolayevka[地]尼古拉耶夫卡,73
Nikov P.[人]李柯夫,402
Nikpai Oghul[人]捏古伯,334,607注
Nilqa[人]亦剌合(桑昆),见Sängün
Nine Oghuz[族]九姓乌古思,见Toquz Oghuz
Nine Tatar[族]九姓鞑靼,见Toquz Tatar
Ningan[地]宁干(宁古塔),见Ninguta
Ningkiang[地]宁江州,136,137
Ningkwo[地]宁国,287
Ningpo (Mingchow)[地]宁波(明州),137
Ningsia (Chunghing; Egrigaia)[地]宁夏(中兴府),108,126,132,226,247-248,299,302,303,306,504,510,511
Ninguta (Ningan)[地]宁古塔(宁干),515,516
Ningwu[地]宁武,133
Ningyüan,[地]宁远,567注
Nin-kia-su[人]宁甲速,257,258,593注
Nirun[族]尼鲁温部,193,194
Nis[地]尼什,见Naissus
Nishapur[地]尼沙普尔,146,149,150,160,240,241,305,334,369,380,390,427,485
Nisibin (Nusaybin)[地]尼西比斯(努赛宾),262,361,368
Niya (Niyang)[地]尼雅,41,49
Nizam al-Mulk[人]尼查姆·乌尔·莫尔克,152,153,154
Nizhni Novgorod (Gorki)[地]下诺夫哥罗德(今高尔基),5,470
Noeldeke, T.[人]诺尔德克,67
Nogai (Mangit; tribe)[族]诺盖部,470,486-487,490,521,522
Nogai (Noghai; person)[人]诺盖,366,369,398-403,405
Nogai (region)[地]诺盖地区,472,473,475
Noin Ula[地]诺恩乌拉,12,18,25,26,39
Nöku (nökud; warriors; free men)[专]那可儿(武士,自由人),195,222
“Nomad Horsemen”[专]游牧骑士风格,66-67,176
Nomokhan (Nomoqan)[人]那木罕,292,401
Nomtarni[人]那蒙塔尼,629注
Nonni[地]嫩江,39,208,505,509,529
North Vietnam[朝]安南,北越,见Annam
Novgorod[地]诺夫哥罗德,265
Novo Alexandrovka[地]新亚历山德罗夫卡,546注
Novocherkask[地]新切尔卡斯克,16
Novogrigorievsk[地]诺沃格里格鲁夫斯克,5
Nowairi[人]诺瓦里,401,403
Noyan (as title)[专]那颜(称号),194,222,586注
Noyandara[人]那颜达拉,511,629注
Nuh II ibn-Mansur[人]努赫二世,曼苏尔,143,144
Nuh I ibn-Nasr[人]努赫一世(纳昔),143
Nur 'Ali[人]奴儿·阿里汗,522
Nur Daulet[人]努儿道剌特,471
Nurhachi (Nurkhatsi; Nu-ul-ha-ch'e)[人]努尔哈赤,516-517
Nusaybin[地]努赛宾(尼西比斯,见Nisibin)
Nu-shih-pi[族]努失毕部,95,102,103,109
Nutuq (grazing lands)[专]努士克(牧场),195,221-222
Nu-ul-ha-ch'e[人]努尔哈赤,见Nurhachi
Ob[地]鄂毕河,148,185,490,525
Oboq (clan)[专]斡孛黑(氏族),193
Ochigin (otchigin; as title)[专]斡赤斤(称号),255
Oder (Odra)[地]奥德河,266
Odessa[地]敖德沙,13
Odoli[地]鄂多理,516
Odorico da Pordenone[人]鄂多立克,216,306,312-320各处
Odra[地]奥德河,见Oder
Oelun-eke[人]月伦额格,199,217,218,256,585注
Ogädäi, Ögedei[人]窝阔台,见Ogödäi
Oghlaqan[人]鄂克拉罕,629注
Oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,见Shah-Oghul
Oghul Qaimish[人]斡兀立·海迷失,272-274,330,349,596注
Oghuz (Ghuzz; Torks; Ouzoi; Uzes)[族]乌古思(古兹,乌泽人,奥佐伊人),xxix,148,149,151-155各处,157,160,164,167,181,182,185-186,237,240,393,565注-566注;九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注
Oghuz-name[书]《乌古思名》,544注,565注-566注
Oglakty[地]俄格拉克提村,16,19,549注
Ogödäi (Ogädäi; Ögedei)[人]窝阔台,210,229,232,238,239,251,254-259,261,262,263,264,267,268,273,282,300,328,330,347,351,352,353,516,592注,593注
Ogödäi, house of[族]窝阔台家族,273,274,280,286,291,292,294,295,296,329,330,338,394,401,403
Ogor[族]乌戈尔种,171
D'Ohsson[人]多桑,210,215,272,330,338
Oirat (Confederates; Four Confederates or Dörben Oirat Oirad; Oyirad)[族]卫拉特,斡亦剌惕,192,195,207,213,215,479,491,492,493,499,503-510各处,512,513,520-521,522,525,539;参见Choros; Dörböt; Dzungar; Kalmucks; Khoshot; Torghut
Oirotin[地]奥罗丁,18
Oiskaya[地]奥伊什卡亚,558注
Oka[地]奥卡河,11,470,472,473
Ökächi[人]鬼力赤,见Ugechi
Okhotsk, Sea of[地]鄂霍次克海,515
Okin-barqaq[人]斡勒巴儿合黑,198,202,228
Oktar[人]鄂克塔,75
Olbia[地]奥尔比亚城,73
Olcha[族]奥尔恰人,515
Oljäi Temür (Punyasri; Pen-ya-shöli)[人]本雅失里,504,505,629注
Oljaitu (Nicholas)[人]完者都,315,340,368,372,383-386,396
Olkhui[地]奥尔克浑河,583注
Olomouc (Olmütz)[地]奥洛摩茨,266
Olöt[族]绰罗斯部,见Choros
Olugh-beg[人]兀鲁伯,243,417,457,459,460,461,492
Omar Khayyam[人]奥玛尔·卡雅姆,161
Omurtag[人]奥慕尔塔克,177
Onegesis[人]奥尼吉斯,78
Ongirat[族]弘吉剌惕部,见Qongirat
Ongkin[地]翁金河,34,35,36,191,286,512,536
Öngüt[族]汪古部,xxv,26,213,220,227,228,250,300-302,306,318,400,571注
Onoghundur (Onogur)[族]乌基杜尔人(乌基尔人),176,177-178
Onon[地]鄂嫩河(斡难河),193,194,199,200,201,206,216,219,248,255,273,282,504,539
Oppeln[地]奥珀伦,399
Oqaylids[朝]鄂克里德朝,154
Oradea[地]奥拉迪亚,266
Orda[人]斡儿答,264,393,394,397,406,615注
Ordos (people)[族]鄂尔多斯人,509-514各处,517,530-531,629注
Ordos (region)[地]鄂尔多斯(鄂尔多斯艺术),xxii,19,20,27,35,55,88,89,93,126,132,133,189,226,247,510;艺术,13,17,18,19,24-26,50,176
Ordu (tented palace)[专]斡耳朵(帐廷),255
Ordubaligh (ordu-baligh)[地]斡耳朵八里(哈拉和林),256,599注;参见Karabalgasun; Karakorum
Orenburg (Chkalov)[地]奥伦堡,15,394,439,478
Orestes[人]奥里斯特斯,78
Orghana[人]兀鲁忽乃,275,286,329,330,331-332
Orkhan[人]奥尔汗,385
Orkhon[地]鄂尔浑,xxii,xxiii,20,34,35,38,46,55,61,80,82,83,87,103,106,111,114,125,128,190,196,197,252,256,269,292,312,417,419,504,512,529,539
Orléans[地]奥尔良,76
Ormazd (Ahura-Mazda)[宗]阿马兹达神(阿胡拉·马兹达神),84,219
Ormuz[地]霍尔木兹(忽里模子),见Hormuz
Oro bögilä[人]阿罗·波吉乃,198
Oroch[族]奥罗奇人,515
Orochon[族]奥罗楚恩人,515
Orgötü[地]奥古土,565注,567注
Orsk[地]奥尔斯克,439
Orta-jüz[族](中帐),见Middle Horde
Osman[人]奥斯曼一世,见'Uthman I
Ossetians[族]奥塞梯人,74,442
Ostrogoths[族]东哥特人,73,75,78
Ostyak[地]奥斯佳克,489
Ostyak language[文]奥斯特雅克语,576注
Otar[地]奥塔尔,423
Otchigin[专]斡赤斤,见Ochigin
Otemish[人]奥特米什,475
Otrar[地]讹答剌,235,238,239,270,305,312,332,393,397,400,406,435,436,438,443,453,456
Otto I (of Germania)[人]奥托一世(日耳曼王),179
Ottomans[族]奥斯曼人,xxviii,xxix,157,160,164,179,240-241,385,389,391,396,420,446,448-453,471,472,475,477,485
Ötükän[地]於都斤山,106,112,561注,564注,565注;参见Khangai
Otuz Tatar (Thirty Tatar)[族]三十姓鞑靼,106,192,565注
Ouarkhonitai[族]瓦尔和昆尼(假阿瓦尔人),见Uarkhonites
Oudh[朝]乌德,444
Ouzoi[族]奥佐伊人(乌古思),见Oghuz
Oxus[地]阿克苏斯河(阿姆河),见Amu Darya
Oyidarma[人]斡亦答马,629注
Oyirad[族]斡亦剌惕部,见Oirat
Özbeg (1210-25)[人]月即别,245,260
Özbeg (1312-40)[人]月即别,319,400,404
Özbegs[族]乌兹别克人,见Uzbeks
Ozmish[人]乌苏米施汗,113
Pachow[地]霸州,133
Pachymeres, Georgius[人]帕切米尔,399,402
Padsha-khatun[人]帕夏可敦,366
Padua[地]帕多瓦,319
Pagan[朝]蒲甘,291,308
Pagana, Nicolo di[人]尼可洛·帕格拉,见Nicolo di Pagana
Pahipuszta[地]帕希普兹塔,176
Paighu[人]拜格护,149
Paiteng[地]白登山,27
Paiza (golden tablet)[专]金匾,369
Paleolithic period[专]旧石器时代,3
Palestine[朝]巴勒斯坦,363,364
Pamirs (Pamier)[地]帕米尔,xxii,41,96,101,118,119,169,236,306,422
Pan Ch'ao[人]班超,31,42-47,542
Panipat[地]巴尼伯德,445
P'an Mei[人]潘美,131
Pannonia[地]班诺尼亚,72,76,78,173,174,175
Panshan[地](甘肃的)半山,4
Pan-ti[人]班第,538,541
Panticapaeum (Bosporus; Kerch)[地]潘蒂卡派(博斯普鲁斯,刻赤),52,85,173,554注
Pan Yung[人]班勇,47
Paoan (Chihtan)[地]保安,61,229,232
Paochow[地]保州(保定),见Paoting
Pao-lu-ssu (Paul; name)[人]保鲁斯,301
Paoning[地]宝宁,258,284
Paoting (Paochow)[地]保定,108,132,133,230,511
Pape[地]清迈,见Chiangmai
Paphlagonia[地]帕夫拉戈尼亚,452
Paquette[人]帕库特,280
Parak[地]帕拉克河(奇尔奇克河),见Chirchik
Paris[地]巴黎,374-375
Parthians[族]帕提亚人,31,32,47,49
Pascal (the Spaniard)[地]巴斯喀尔,342
Pasianoi[族]帕夏洛伊人,30
Patzanakitai[族]佩切涅格人,见Pet-chenegs
Paul (of Cilicia)[人](西里西亚人)保罗,84
Pavia[地]帕维亚,76,178
Pa-ya-tsi[人]拜牙即,499
Pazyryk[地]帕兹雷克,xxiii,xxv,18,19,544注,549注
Pegolotti[人]佩戈洛蒂,Pratica della mercatura,311
Pegu[朝]白古国,290
Pehlewan[人]帕列文,158
P'ei[族]裴氏,115
Pei-Ch'i[朝]北齐,66,82
Pei-Chou[朝]北周,66,83
Pei-Han (Ts'ien-Chao; dynasty)[朝]北汉(前赵),56
Pei-Han (kingdom)[朝]北汉王国,130,131
Pei-Jung[族]北戎,19-20
P'ei Kiu[人]裴矩,89
Pei-Liang (Tsu-k'iu)[朝]北凉(沮渠),61-62,64
Pei-Shih[书]《北史》,70
Peiting[地]北庭(别失八里)见Beshbaligh
Pei-Yen[朝]北燕,61,557注;参见Jehol
Pekh (mayor of the palace)[专]帕克(宫廷侍长),577注
Peking (Cambaluc; Chi; Chung-tu; Jungdu; Khanbaligh; Tatu; Yen; Yenching; Yenchow; Yüchow)[地]北京(汗八里,中都,大都),xxvii,xxix,xxx,34,58,127,129,130,131,133,134,136,138,139,146,148,164,165,189,196,224,227,229,230,232,253,257,288,295,302,303,305,307,308,312,313,316-317,318,319,324,325,340,479,502,507,510,511,514,516,518,530,538,539,587注,588注,599注
Pelliot, Paul[人]伯希和,xxv,24,53,80-81,96,97,107,173,193,197-198,221,257,271,272,298,301,303,304,305,307,318,347,348,349
Pem[地]克里亚,见Keriya
Pengcheng (Sinhsien)[地]彭城,64
Pen-ya-shö-li[人]本雅失里,见Oljäi Temür
Pepin[人]丕平,175
Peregrino[人]帕莱格尼努,314
Perm[地]帕姆森林,15,548注
Perovsk (Kzl-Orda)[地]波罗威斯克(今克孜勒奥尔达),149,238
Peroz[人]卑路支,68
Persepolis[地]帕赛波里斯,7
Persian art[文]波斯艺术,122,124,311,367,457,467
Persian language[文]波斯语,157,243,604注
Pervane (chancellor)[专]丞相,370
Perwan[地]八鲁湾,241,242,590注
Peschanaia[地]雅米谢威斯克,见Yamishevsk
Peshawar[地]白沙瓦,69
Pest[地]佩斯,266,267
Peta[人]拜塔,见Baidar
Petchenegs (Bachanak; Patzanakitai)[族]佩彻涅格人,xxiv,xxviii,178,181,182,184-185,186
Peter, Brother[人]彼得,342
Peter (of Crempa)[人]彼得(克雷蒙巴的),399
Peter (of Florence)[人]彼得(佛罗伦萨的),314
Peter (Metropolitan of Moscow)[人]彼得(莫斯科主教),617注
Peter the Great[人]彼得一世,475,522;珍宝,13,16,548注
Pétis de la Croix[人]佩替·德·拉·克鲁阿,439
Petreny[地]彼特里尼,4
Petronas[人]帕特罗纳斯,180
Petrovsk[地]彼得罗夫斯克,577注
Petrus da Lucalongo[人]彼得鲁斯,313,314
Phags-pa[人]八思巴,298-299,513
Phanagoria[地]法纳戈里亚,180
Philippopolis (Plovdiv)[地]菲利普波利斯,76
Philip the Fair[人]金发菲利普,374,375-376,384
Phocaea[地]福西亚,452
Phraates II[人]弗拉亚特斯二世,31
Phrygia[地]弗里吉亚,8,155,157,385,452,453
Pi[人]比,39
Pianfu[地]平阳府(平阳)见Pingyang
Pianobor[专]皮亚诺波尔文化,73
Piano Carpini[人]普兰·迦儿宾,7,216,221,224-225,257,270,271,272,348,395,396
Piatigorsk[地]皮亚蒂戈尔斯克,5
P'ien[地]汴(开封),见Kaifeng
Pinchow[地]豳州,90
Pingcheng (Tai)[地]平城(代郡),27,57,60,63,65
Pingchüan[地]平川,128
Pingliang[地]平凉,248,257
Pinglu[地]平卢,128
Pingtinghsiang[地]平定乡(善阐),见Shanshan
Pingyang (Pianfu)[地]平阳,56,57,229,232,257,307
Pir Budaq[人]皮儿·布达克,461
Pir Muhammad ibn-Jahangir[人]皮儿·马黑麻·伊本·只罕杰儿,456,457
Pir Muhammad ibn- 'Umar-shaikh[人]皮儿·马黑麻,444,456,457
Pisannaya gora[地]卡拉苏河,见Kara-yus
Pishpek[地](谢米列契耶)皮什比克,见Semirechye
Plovdiv[地]菲利普波利斯(普罗夫迪夫),见Philippopolis
Podgortsa[地]波德戈尔扎,6
Podio, Francesco da[人]弗朗希斯科,见Francesco da Podio
Pohai[朝]渤海国,128,515
Pohuan[地]拨换城(阿克苏),见Aksu (town and province)
Pokrovsk (Engels)[地]波克罗夫斯克,5
P'o-juan[人]婆闰,102
Poland[地]波兰,孛烈儿,266,395,399
“Po-lo”[族]薄罗人,69
Polo,Maffeo[人]马弗·孛罗,304-309,313
Polo, Marco[人]马可,波罗,216,252,290,293,296,297,298,302,305-313,320,371
Polo, Niccolo[人]尼古拉·孛罗,304-309,313
P'o-lo-men[人]婆罗门,81
Polovtsy[族]波洛伏齐人(钦察人),见Kipchaks
Poltava[地]波尔塔瓦,407,436
Polybius[人]波里比阿(史家),15
Pompeius Trogus[人]彭沛乌斯·托古斯30,31
Pontis[地]彭蒂斯,8,9,18,182,449
Pordenone, Odorico da[人]鄂多立克,见Odorico da Pordenone
Port Arthur[地]旅顺港,128
Po Shuen[人]帛纯,50,59
Postal service[专]帝国邮政,318
Potemkin[人]波特金,477
Poyang, Lake[地]鄱阳湖,137,323,324
Po-yao-ho[人]波姚河,227,301
Po-yen[人]伯颜(将领),见Bayan (活跃于1276年)
Pozdneev[人]波兹尼夫,526
Prabhakara[人]波罗羯罗,72
Prabhakaramitra[人]波罗颇迦罗密多罗,94
Prato, Guillaume da[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,见Guillaume da Prato
“Prester John”[专]约翰长老,191,306,318
Priscus[人]普里斯卡斯,78
Priscus (活跃于600年)[人]普利斯卡斯(拜占庭将军),174
Prokhorovka[地]普罗霍罗夫卡,15
Protoshilovo[地]普罗托什洛沃,558注
Provence[地]普罗旺斯,178
Prut[地]普鲁特河,392
Pseudoavars[族]假阿瓦尔人,171,172
Ptolemy[人]托勒密,xxiii,28,40,41,306
Puchow[地]浦州(河中),见Hochung
P'u Hung[人]苻洪,58
Pulad (活跃于1718年)[人]布拉特,见Bulat
Pulad (Bolod; 活跃于1407-12年)[人]不剌汗,470
Pulad (Bolod; place)[地]普拉德,331
Puladshi[人]播鲁只,见Bulaji
Pul-i Sengi (Stone Bridge)[地]普勒伊森格,411
Pulu, Great[朝]大勃律,见Baitistan
Pulu, Little[朝]小勃律,见Gilgit
Punjab[人]旁遮普,32,49,69,71-72,80,146,167,168,315,339,443,444,445,446
Puntsuk-Monchak[人]明楚克汗,521-522,525
Punyasri[人]本雅失里,见Oljäi Temür
Puragupta[人]普罗·笈多,70
Pu-su-wan[人]耶律诗(普速完),见Ye-lü Shih
Puszta[专]“无树平原”,267
Pusztatoti[地]普兹塔托蒂,176
Puyanghsien[地]濮阳县(澶州),见Shenchow
Qaan[专]合罕,罕,见Khagan
Qabul (Qabul-khan; Qabul-khagan)[人]合不勒汗,138,197,202
Qachi'un[人]哈赤温,199,218,255
Qada'an[人]哈丹,264,266,267,274,293,294,593注,599注
Qadagin[族]哈答斤部,见Qatakin
Qadaq[人]合答黑,270,274
Qadirkhan[地]兴安岭,见Khingan
Qadir-khan (person)[人]哈亦儿汗(亦剌乞克),见Inalchiq
Qadir-khan Jibra'il[人]喀迪尔汗·贾布拉伊尔,159
Qadir-khan Yusuf[人]喀迪尔汗·玉素甫,146,147
Qadisiya[地]卡迪西亚,116
Qaidu[人]海都,63,194,197,200,264,266,274,286,291-296,303-304,305,308,321,332-336,338,376,401,403,512,606注-607注
Qa'im, al-[人]阿尔·哈伊木,151
Qaisar (as title)[专]凯撒,450
Qal'a-i-Sefid[地]喀拉伊舍弗德,432
Qalaqaljit-elet (“Qalaqaldjit-elet”)[地]合兰真沙陀,210,211
Qalawun[人]嘉拉温苏丹,371
Qam (shaman)[专]昆木(萨满),195
Qamar ad-Din[人]哈马儿丁,344,422,423,424,425
Qân[专]罕,合罕,见Khagan
Qan-baliq[地]汗八里,见Khanbaligh
Qanqli[族]康里,237,247
Qapagan-khagan[人]默啜(突厥碑文上记),见Mo-ch'o
Qara-buqa[人]哈拉不花,599注
Qarachu (commoners)[专]哈拉抽(平民),195,222,531
Qara-Hulägu[人]哈剌旭烈兀,271,274,329
Qarai[人]克烈,479-480
Qarakuchum[人]哈拉库楚姆,470
Qara-Muhammad Turmush[人]哈拉·马合木·吐穆斯,431
Qara-Qoyunlu (Black Sheep)[朝]喀喇-科雍鲁(黑羊王朝),160,391,430-431,433,434,435,449,458,459,461-462
Qarataghlik[朝]黑山派,501,527-528,541
Qaratal[地]卡拉套山,见Kara-Tal
Qara'un Qabchal[地]喀拉昆·巴查尔,578注
Qara'utai tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]哈剌兀台·帖儿坚(轮车),196
Qara-Yusuf[人]哈拉·玉素甫,391,433,434,435,449,458,459
Qariya (administrative division)[专](行政机构)营,530
Qarluq[族]葛逻禄人,95,109,110,113,114,119-120,145,165,233,234,238,565注
Qarshi[地]卡尔施城,见Karshi
Qasaq-tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]合撒黑·帖儿坚,196
Qasar[人]哈撒儿,199,200,206,214,217-218,229-230,255,256,580注,586注
Qasim (of Astrakhan; 死于1469年)[人]卡西姆,472
Qasim (of Kazan; 活跃于1466年)[人]卡西姆(金帐汗库楚克·马哈麻之子),472
Qasim (约1509-18)[人]哈斯木,480,508,626注
Qatakin (Qadagin; Qatagin)[族]哈答斤部,194,206,207,208,213
Qatwan[地]卡特文,160,165,333
Qawurd[人]喀乌德,152,153
Qayaligh (Cailac)[地]海押立,234,238,272,277
Qazaqs[族]哈萨克人,见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Qazghan[人]迦慈罕,342-343,409,426,427
Qilich Arslan IV[人]乞立赤·阿尔斯兰四世,269,272,350,354,359
Qilich Tamgatch-khan Mas'ud[人]乞尼克·桃花石汗·马苏德,574注
Qiniqs[族]乞尼黑部,148
Qirq-yer[地]奇尔克耶城(巴赫切萨拉伊),见Bakhchisarai,471
Qobaq[地]霍博,273,349
Qöl (center of army)[专]中军,中翼军,223
Qongirat (Ongirat; Qongarat; Qongrad)[族]弘吉剌惕部,194,200,206,207,210
Qongrad[族]弘吉剌惕部,见Qongirat
Qorchi[人]火儿赤,202
Qorchin (tribe)[族]科尔沁部,见Khorchin
Qorchin (bodyguard of quiver bearers)[专]豁儿赤(箭筒士),582注
Qorla (Qorola)[族]火鲁剌思,194,207
Qorqonaq Jubur[地]合儿郭纳黑·朱布儿,201,202
Qorisü-bäki[人]火力速八赤,212,214
Qoshun, qosighun (banners; administrative divisions)[族]库西昆(旗),530
Qoun[族]看钦察人,见Kipchaks
Qubilai, Qubilay, Qublay[人]忽必烈,见Kublai
Qucha[人]忽察,273,274
Quchar[人]火察儿,203,208,212
Qudatqu bilig (Yusuf Khass Hajjib)[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什(《福乐智慧》的作者),148
Qudu'udar[人]忽都塔儿,582注
Quegianfu[地]京兆府(长安),见Changan
Quelinfu[地]金陵府(南京),见Nanking
Quian[地](马可记)长江,见Yangtze
Quilon (Coilum; Kollam)[地]奎隆,309,311,312,319
Quinsai[地](马可记)杭州,见Hangchow
Qulan[人]忽阑,215
Qulan-Bashi[地]忽兰巴什,244
Qulbar[人]忽儿巴儿,582注
Qum[地]库木,245,590注
Qumani[族]库蛮(钦察人),见Kipchaks
Qumiz[专]忽迷思,见Kumiss
Qungrad[族]昆吉剌部,421
Qurban Telesut[人]库尔班·特勒苏特,578注
Quriltat (assembly)[专]库里勒台(部落大会),213,216,217,221,256,259,269-270,273,274,282,284,285,328,333,338,353,358,584注-585注
Quriqan[人]骨利干,106,564注,578注
Qurjaquz (Cyriacus)[人]忽儿察忽思,192
Qutadmish[人]忽塔德迷失,302
Qutaiba[人]库泰拔,116-117
Qutb ad-Din[人]忽特哀丁,353
Qutb ad-Din Habash 'Amid[人]哈巴什·阿密德,328,329
Qutlugh (Elterish)[人]骨咄禄,103,106,107
Qutlugh Bilgä (Ku-li P'ei-lo; Ku-to-lu Pei-kia k'iu; Huai-jen)[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,113-114
Qutlugh-buqa[人]忽特鲁格不花,406
Qutlugh-khan (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁汗朝,260
Qutlugh-khoja[人]忽都鲁·火者,339,382
Qutlugh-shah (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁沙王朝,353,366
Qutlugh-shah (person)[人]忽特鲁沙,382
Qutlumish[人]库吐尔米希,见Qutulmish
Qutui-khatun[人]忽推可敦,371,372
Qutula[人]忽图剌,198,201,202,208
Qutulmish (Qutlumish)[人]库吐尔米希,150,152
Qutuqa-bäki[人]忽都花别吉,213
Qutuqtu (as title)[专]呼图克图(崇敬的,神圣的),297-298
Qutuz[人]忽都思,364,365
Quyildar (Quyildar-sechen)[人]忽亦勒答儿,210
Quyash[地]虎牙思,326
Qyzyl Arslan[人]凯佐尔·阿尔斯兰,155,158
Qyzyl-bash, Lake (Ulyungur Nor)[地]克孜尔巴什湖,205
Qyzyl-qaya[地]克孜勒卡亚,见Kizilkaya
Raab[地]拉布河,175
Rabban-ärkägün (Christian priests and monks)[人]列班——也里可温僧,300
Rabban-ata (Simeon; Li-pien-a-ta)[人]列班·阿塔,263,270,347-348,594注
Rabban Sauma[人]列班·扫马,301,302-303,313,336,368,369,372,374-375,377,612注
Raden Vijaya[人]拉登·韦查耶(土罕必阇耶),291
Radkan[地]拉德坎,390
Rahiba[地]拉希巴,385
Rai (Rhagae)[地]剌夷,雷伊,40,142,143,150,151,155,167,240,245,261,312,453,457,461,462,590注
“Rajputs”[族]拉其普特部,72
Rajyavarhana[人]罗伽伐弹那,72
Rashid ad-Din (Fadl Allah Rashid ad-Din Tabib)[人]拉施特哀丁(《史集》的作者),381,384,387;Jami-ut-Tavarikh,193,198,205,215,219,231,248,250,264,266,271,321,333,354,355,357,364-365,365-366,378,381-382,383,393,397,403,404,478,589注
Ratibor[地]拉蒂博尔,266
Rawak[地]剌窝,48
Ray Dul Chand[人]拉伊·杜尔·查德,444
Reindeer[专]驯鹿,18
Rémusat, A.[人]雷慕沙,251
Rhagae[地]剌夷,雷伊,见Rai
Rheims[地]兰斯,178
Rhine[地]莱茵河,76,78
Rhodes[地]罗德斯岛,477
Richard of Burgundy[人](勃艮地的)李嘉德,342
Rinchenpal[人]懿璘质班,321
Rogerii carmen miserabile[书]《可怜的诺基里·卡曼》,267
Roman (of Ryazan)[人]罗曼,265
Roman Empire[朝]罗马帝国,47,55,56,57,60,74-76,78-79
Roman Empire, Eastern[朝]东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国),见Byzantine Empire
Romanus Diogenes[人]狄根尼斯·罗曼努斯,152,184
Romanus Lecapenus[人]罗曼努斯·尼卡彭努斯,181
Rome[地]罗马,57,305,374,375
Ross, Denison[人]罗斯·丹尼斯,423
Rostovtzeff[人]罗斯托夫兹夫,15,16
Roxolani[族]罗克索兰人,72
Ruas (Rugas; Rugila)[人]卢噶斯,75
Rubruck, William of[人]卢布鲁克,7,94,190,197,216,226,274,276-277,280-281,315,392-397,400,512,579注,585注,596注,597注
Ruffo, Marco[人]马可·拉菲,470
Rugas, Rugila[人]卢噶斯,见Ruas
Rui[人]沙哈鲁,51
Rukh, Shah[人]沙哈鲁,243,417,432-433,456-460,492
Rukh, Shah (活跃于1710年)[人]沙·鲁克,488
Rukn ad-Din Khoja[人](起儿漫的)鲁肯哀丁火者,353
Rukn ad-Din Kurshah[人]鲁肯丁库沙,354
Rukn ad-Din Mahmud[人]鲁肯·阿德丁-马赫默德,159,165,574注
Rumania[地]罗马尼亚,395,446
Rus[朝]罗斯,265
Russia[朝]罗斯,俄罗斯,181,182,224,247,260-261,265,270,271,395,396,404,405-406,407,419,420,433-434,436,469-473,475,477,486-490,522,532,538,540
Rustam (person)[人]罗思檀,456,457,458
Rustam (place)[地]拉斯塔姆,428
Rum[地]罗姆,153,450,614注
Rusudan[人]鲁速丹,260,263,350
Ryazan[朝]里亚赞,265,395,470
Sa'adi[人]撒迪,161
Sabaria[地]沙巴里亚,175
Sabir (Sabiri)[族]沙比尔人,172
Sabran[地]扫兰,406,435,438
Sächä-bäki[人]撒察别乞,202,203,204
Saciu[地]沙州(敦煌,马可所记),见Tunhwang
Sa'd[人]赛德,359
Sa'd ad-Daula[人]撒菲·倒剌,372-373,377
Sa'd ibn-Zengi[人]撒德·伊本·赞吉,260
Sadovets[人]沙多威兹,575注
Sadr-jihan (minister)[专]沙狄尔·吉汗(大臣),377
Safa Girei[人]沙法·格来,475
Safarids[朝]萨法尔王朝,142
Safavids[朝]萨菲王朝,462,482,483,484
Sagamoni Burcan[宗](佛陀)释迦穆尼,见Buddha
Sahib Girei[人]沙希布·格来,473
Sa'id (Sa'id-khan)[人]赛德汗,497,498,499,500
Saif ad-Din[人]赛福丁,330
Sahib-divan (as title)[专]沙黑勃迪万(理财大臣),351
Sain-khan (as title)[专]赛恩汗(意为好汗),254,395
Sain-khan (person)[人]撒因汗,赛因汗,见Batu
Sain Noyan[地]赛音诺颜,53,107,191,512
Saint-Denis, abbey of[地]圣丹尼勒(教堂),374
St. Michael of Tarel (nr. Nisibin)[地]圣米切勒修道院,368
St. Thomé[地]圣托马斯,315
Sairam (Isfijab)[地]赛拉木(伊斯法吉勃),235,423,460,463,482,492,495,496,532
Sairam Nor[地]赛里木湖,331
Sajo[地]撒岳河(《元史》作漷宁河),226,266
Saka (Sakai; Shaka; Sse)[族]萨迦,塞人(萨迦伊),xxiii,7,8,16,28-32,36,40,100,545注-546注;参见Scythians
Saka language[文]塞语,萨迦语,xxiii,29
Sakaraulai (Saka Rawaka; Saraucae)[族]萨迦劳赖人,30,31
Sakastana[地]萨迦斯坦纳,31
Sakmara (Semmur)[地]萨克马拉河,439
Saladin[人]萨拉丁,360,362
Salbak-Turkan[人]萨尔贝克突干,236
Salendi[人]萨伦迪,330
Salghurids[朝]萨尔古尔王朝,169,260,353,354,366
Sali-Sarai[地]萨里·萨莱,342,412,413
Salji'ut (Saljigut)[族]散只兀惕部,194,206,207,208,213
Saljük[人]塞尔柱克,见Seljuk (ruler)
Salmony, Alfred[人]阿尔弗雷德·沙尔莫尼,26
Salonika[地]萨洛尼卡,449
Salt Range[地]盐山,71,444
Samagir[族]萨马吉尔人,515
Saman[族]萨曼家庭,141
Samandar[地]萨曼塔尔,181,577注
Samanids[朝]萨曼王朝,141-144,149
Samara (Kuibyshev)[地]萨马拉(古比雪夫),5,440
Samaria[地]萨马里亚,362
Samarkand (Kanda; Markanda)[地]撒马尔罕,撒麻耳干(坎塔,马尔干达),xxv,xxix,30,96,116,117,118,120,141,142,146,147,153,159,160,165,168,169-170,234,237,239,243,244,253,254,255,312,326,327,328,331,332,333,335,338,340,344,345,353,369,411,412,413,421,423,425-429,432,433,435,439,445,448,453,457,459,460,461,463,464,465,481,483,484,485,492,494,496,498
Samnan[地]西模娘,240,428,461
Samuqa ba'atur[人]三木合巴儿秃,232,588注
Samur[地]萨穆尔山,441
Sanang Sechen[人]萨囊彻辰,297-298,503,504,505,506,511,515,630注
Sanatroikes[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见Sinatrukes
Sandilkh[人]桑第克,79
Sandomierz[地]桑多梅日城,266,399
Sanga (Sang-ko)[人]桑哥,297,601注
Sangari Isaac[人]伊沙克·圣格里,180-181
Sängim[地]圣吉木,96,98
Sang-ko[人]桑哥,见Sanga
Sangs-rgyas rgya-msho[人]桑结嘉措,524,532
Sängün (Ilqa; Nilqa)[人]桑昆(亦剌合,圣公),205,206,209,210,211,212,582注
Saniz-mirza[人]米儿咱·桑尼司,494
Sanjar[人]桑伽,xxix,159-160,161,165,166,237,240,241,418,573注-574注
Sanskrit[文]梵文,49,59,96,97,101,124
Sapurgan[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见Sheburgan
Saqsin[地]沙利格·欣(沙克新)伊提尔城,见Itil
Saracens[族]萨拉逊人,374
Saraga[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41
Sarai[地]萨莱,281,304,312,393,400,402,403,407,420,436,437,441,442,470,471
Sarakhs[地]萨拉赫斯,167,427
Saratov[地]萨拉托夫,5,10,522
Saraucae[族]萨迦劳赖伊,见Sakaraulai
Sarban[人]撒里蛮,292
Sarbedarians[族]赛尔巴朵尔人,343,390,426,427,428
Särbi[族]鲜卑族名来源,557注
Särgis[人]萨吉斯,349
Särgis (Sergius), St.[人]吉·薜儿吉斯,191
Särgis, Mar[人]马薜里吉斯,见Mar Särgis
Sari[地]萨里,429,432
Sarigh-shin[地]沙利格·欣城(伊提尔城)见Itil
Sarikol[地]萨里豁勒河,236
Sari-Uigur[族]萨里回鹘,125
Sarkel (Bela Vezha; Belaya Vezha)[地]沙克尔(白城),180,181,577注
Sarkis (Serge)[人]萨尔吉斯,358
Sarmatians[族]萨尔马特人,xxiii,7,10,13,15-17,19,25,28,40,52,72,73,78,548注;参见Alans; Saka; Scythians
Sarosios[人]萨罗秀斯,172
Sar-Otar (Tar-Ussar; Zahidan)[地]沙尔-奥塔尔(塔尔乌沙,扎希丹),620注
Sartaq[人]撒里答,277,396-397,592注,615注
Sartes (Sarta'ut; Sartaghol)[族]萨尔特人,589注
Saruhan[地]萨鲁汉,449,451,452
Sary-Su[地]萨雷河,148,149,393,403,406,435,439,478,479,480,485,508
Sas-Kya[人]萨斯迦,298,595注
Sassanids[朝]萨珊王朝,xxx,50-51,52,67-68,82-84,85,96,116,141,142
Satilmish-beg[人]萨替尔密什·伯克,335
Satoq Bughra-khan[人]博格拉汗萨图克,145
Sauma, Rabban[人]列班·扫马,见Rabban Sauma
“Sauromatians”[族]撒乌罗玛泰伊人,548注
Sava[地]萨瓦河,174,175
Savignano, Andalo da[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,见Andalo da Savignano
Sayan[地]萨彦岭,xxv
Sayyid 'Abd-Allah-khan[人]赛义德·阿拉汗,488
Sayyid Ahmed[人]赛义德·阿合木,624注
Sayyid Ajall (Shams ad-Din 'Umar)[人]赛夷阿扎儿,赛哀丁乌马儿,297,601注
Sayyid 'Ali[人]赛义德·阿里,461,492,493,624注,626注
Sayyid Muhammad-mirza[人]赛义德·马黑麻·米儿咱,499
Sayyid Muhammad Rahim-khan[人]赛义德·穆罕默德·拉希姆汗,488
Sayyids[朝]赛义德王朝,432
Schefold, K.[人]舍夫德,13
Schipenitz[地]斯奇彭尼兹,4
Scythia[地]斯基泰人之地,276,392
Scythian art[文]斯基泰艺术,7,11-15,18
Scythians (Ashkuz; Skythai)[族]斯基泰人,xxiii,xxvi,4-12,15-16,17,19,21,23,28,29,40,72,546注;参见Saka; Sarmatians
Sebeos[人]亚美尼亚史学家,561注
Sebüktigin[人]赛布克特勤,143,144
Sebzewar (Shindand)[地]撒卜兹瓦儿,343,345-346,390,410,426,428,485
Sechen (as title)[专]薛禅(称号),194-195
Sechen (person)[人]薛禅汗,510
Sechen-khan (khanate)[人]车臣汗(车臣汗国),512
Sechen-khan (死于1676年)[人]车臣汗(僧格之弟,准噶尔部人),526,527
Sechen-khan (死于1691年)[人]车臣汗(喀尔喀部),529
Secret History(of the Mongols; Manghol un Niuca Tobca'an)[书]《秘史》(蒙古人的),190,197,198,201-205,209,210,212-216,218,247,250,415,544注,601注
Segon-ghar, 见Jegün-ghar[专]左翼军
Seima[地]色玛,5
Seistan[地]锡斯坦,31,32,411,415,428,429
Selenga[地]色楞格河,113,191,192,193,194,205,479,512
Selenginsk[地]色楞金斯克,558注
Seleucia[地]塞硫西亚,357,368,369
Seleucids[朝]塞硫古王朝,31,157
Selitrennoe[地]谢利特连诺耶,400
Seljuk (Saljük; ruler)[人]塞尔柱克,148-149
Seljuks[族]塞尔柱克人,xxviii,147-155,157-161,164,165,166-167,184,185,189,236,240,245,261,263,272,281,305,312,347,350,354,355,370,377,382,385,572注
Seljuk-shan[专]塞尔柱克沙赫,366
Semipalatinsk[地]谢米巴拉金斯克,254,392,478,523
Semirechye (Pishpek)[地]谢米列契耶,80,114,236,272,341,424,566注,607注
Semmur[地]萨克马拉河(《武功记》中记法),见Sakmara
Sempad[人]森帕德,269,271
Sempad Bagratuni[人]森帕德(巴格拉德尼),561注
Sengge[人]僧格,526
Sens[地]桑斯,178
Seoul[地]汉城,259,289
Sera metropolis[地](托勒密记)长安,41
Serbia[朝]塞尔维亚,449
Serbs[专]塞尔维亚人,451
Seret[地]谢列特河,177
“Serica”[地]塞里斯,xxiii; 参见Issedon Serica
Serindia[地]西域,xxi
Setsen(as title)[专]薛禅或薛层(称号),194-195
Setserlik-mandal[地]车泽尔里克曼达勒,53
Sevan, Lake[地]塞凡湖(哥克察克湖),见Gokcha, Lake
Sevata (of Kachen)[人](卡城的)塞瓦塔,360
Seven Brothers tumuli[专]七兄弟墓,15
Seyhan[人]塞伊汉,361
Sha[地]沙河,132
Sha-ch'a Chung-yi[人]沙吒忠义,108
Shachow[地]沙州(敦煌),见Tunhwang
Shad (as title)[专]设(官名),87
Shad al-Mulk[人]夏德·穆尔克,457
Shadi-beg[人]沙狄汗,443,469-470
Shafi'ites[宗]沙菲派,400
Shahi[朝]沙赫王朝,119
Shahin Girei[人]沙希因·格来,477
Shah-khan[人]沙·汗,499
Shah Namah[书]《帝王史记》,97,159
Shah-Oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,338
Shahrbaraz[人]沙赫巴拉兹,174
Shahr-i Sebz[地]沙赫里夏勃兹,见Kesh
Shahrud[地]和椟城(赫卡托姆皮洛斯),见Hecatompylos
Shajare-i Turk[书]《突厥世系》阿布哈齐著,见Abu'l Ghazi Bahadur
Shaka[族]萨迦人,塞人,见Saka
Shama-i Jahan (Sham-i Jahan)[人]沙迷查干,425
Shamakha[地]沙马哈,246
Shamanism[宗]萨满教,23,84,86,172,190,195,197,208,215,220,513
Shams ad-Din II (活跃于1279)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,370
Shams ad-Din II (活跃于1329)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,390
Shams ad-Din Juvaini[人]沙哀丁·志费尼,367
Shams ad-Din Muhammad Kert[人]沙姆斯哀丁·穆罕默德,334,352-353,354,369-370
Shams ad-Din 'Umar[人]赛丁乌马儿(赛夷阿扎尔),见Sayyid Ajall
Shams al-Mulk Nasr[人]沙姆·乌尔·莫尔克·纳赛尔,147,152-153
Shan[专]掸邦,291
Shang[朝]商朝,5
Shangkiu[地]上谷,35
Shang-shung-la[地]桑雄拉关隘,533
Shangtuho (Chandu; Cyandu; Dolonnor; Tolun Nor)[地]上都府,多伦诺尔,3,285,288,298,307,324,325,510,529
Shanhaikwan[地]山海关,127,517
Shan-man(shaman)[宗]萨满,195
Shanshan (Pingtinghsiang; Yunnanfu)[地]善阐(平定乡;云南府),鄯善(罗布泊),42-43,46,47,49,54,59,62,95,96,284;参见Lob Nor
Shansi[地]山西,19,20,25,27,34,35,47,54,56-60,63,65,90,106,107,127,129,130,131,133,137,138,164,213,227,228,232,233,301,303,307,324,325,507,510,517,519,529
Shantung[地]山东,57,58,59,64,65,137,138,229,232,308,316
Shaohing[地]绍兴,122
Sha-po-lo[人]沙钵略,88
Shanyü(town)[地]单于都护府(绥远城),见Suiyuan (town)
Shan-yü(Ch'eng-li Ku-t'u Shan-yü; as title)[专]单于(撑犁孤涂单于),20,23
Shara (Dzasagtu-khan)[人]扎萨克图汗,528,529
Shara Muren[地]沙拉木伦河(辽河),54,127,128,130,136,325,502
Shari'a (law code)[专]沙里亚法,416
Sharif ad-Din[人]歇甫里丁,410,414,434,451
Sharkhiyan[地]沙尔希延,146
Shash[地]柘析,见Tashkent
Sha-t'o (Chöl; Ch'u-yueh)[族]沙陀人(处月),100,126-127,569注
Shaukam[专]少监,233
Shayban (活跃于1240年)[人]昔班,264,266,267,393-394,478
Shaybani[人]昔班尼,见Muhammad Shaybani
Shaybanids[朝]昔班王朝,xxviii,394,460,471,478-490,508,614注-615注
Sheburgan (Sapurgan)[地]沙普甘,305,343
She-hu (yabghu)[专]合候(称号),30
Shenchow; Kaichow; Puyanghsien; Shen-yüan[地]澶州(满族地名开州,今濮阳县),132,133,570注
Shensi[地]陕西,20,25,34,53,54,57,58,59,61,66,132,136,138,232,257,283,284,285,307,518
Shen-wen (Simeon; name)[人]西蒙,301
Shenyang (Mukden)[地]沈阳,516
Shenyüan[地]澶渊(澶州),见Shenchow
She-wei[族]室韦,578注
Shibe[地]希柏,18
Shigi-qutuqu[人]失吉忽秃忽,220,231,241,242,587注-588注,593注
Shihab ad-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,168
Shih Chung-kuei[人]石重贵,130
Shih Hu[人]石虎,58
Shih King-t'ang[人]石敬瑭,127,129-130
Shih-kuei[人]射匮,89,93
Shih Lei[人]石勒,57-58
Shih-li-mang-kia-lo (Sri Mangala)[人]失里忙伽罗,119
Shih-pi[人]始毕,89,90
Shih Pi[人]史弼,291
Shih-pu-ch'eng[地]石堡城,118
Shih-tie-mi[人]室点密,见Istämi
Shi'ites[宗]十叶派(伊斯兰教派),142-143,150,151,390,483,484;参见Islam
Shiktur (Shinktur)[人]势都儿,293
Shilka[地]石勒喀河,515
Shimonoseki Strait[地](日本)下关,289
Shindand[地]撒卜兹瓦尔,见Sebzewar
Shinktur[人]势都儿,见Shiktur
Shirämön[人]失烈门,268,273,274
Shiratori, Kurakichi[人]白鸟库吉,24
Shiraz[地]泄剌只,设拉子,151,260,343,353,390,391,419,431,432,433,436,445,456,458,462,492,495
Shirki[人]昔里吉,292
Shir Muhammad[人]失儿·马黑麻,459
Shirvan[地]失儿湾,246,398,437,441
Shisdai[人]希斯达伊,181
Shö-luen[人]社仑可汗,61
Shoping (Yuyü)[地]朔平(右玉),57,107,136
Shtetkovo[地]斯特科夫,4
Shuen-chih[人]顺治,518
Shuen-ti[人]汉顺帝,48
Shu-an (John)[人]术安,314
Shuentö[地]顺德,见Siangkuo
Shufu[地]疏附(喀什),见Kashgar
Shuja[人]沙舒贾,391,431
Shului (Sechen-khan)[人]硕垒(车臣汗),512
Shului Ubasha khongtaiji (Altynkhan)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,512,520,521,525
Shushtar[地]苏什塔尔,432
Sialkot[地]锡尔科特,71
Sian[地]西安(长安),见Changan
Siangkuo (Shuentö)[地]顺德,57,132
Siangyang[地]襄阳,138,259,282,287,307
Siao-t'ang-shan[地]小汤山,554注
Siara-osso-gol[地]萨拉乌苏河,3
Sibir (Isker)[朝]失必儿国,489,490,521
Sidon[地]西顿,364
Sidonius Apollinaris[人]西多尼斯·阿波林纳黑斯,75
Sieg, E.,[人]西格,40
Siegling, W.,[人]西格林,40
Sienyang[地]咸阳,35
Sie-p'o A-na-che[人]薛婆阿那支,99
Sie Wan-pei[人]薛万备,101
Sigebert[人]希格贝特,173,174
Sigismund (of Hungary)[人](匈牙利的)西斯基蒙德,449
Signakhi[地]塞格纳克城,238,393,406,407,435,436,438,460,479,480
Sikander-shah[人]伊斯坎达尔沙,446
Silesia[地]昔烈西亚,266,395
Siling[地]涞源县,570注
Silistra[地]锡利斯特拉,见Dristra
Silk Road[地]丝绸之路,xxii-xxiii,35,37,39-41,45,48-52,95-98,306,312
Silk trade[专]丝绸贸易,310,311-312
Silzibul[人]室点密(叶护),见Istämi
Simeon[人]西蒙,见Rabban-ata
Simeon (of Bulgaria)[人](保加利亚大公)西蒙,178
Sinatrukes (Sanatroikes)[人]辛剌特拉克斯(沙拉特洛伊克斯),31
Sincalan[地]辛加兰(广东),见Canton
Sindufu[地]成都,见Chengtu
Singidunum[地](贝尔格莱德)辛吉杜蒙,见Belgrade
Singiumatu[地]新州马头(山东),见Tsining (Shantung)
Sinhsien[地]彭城,见Pengcheng
Sining[地]西宁,118,302,568注
Sinjibu[人]叶护(室点密)见Istämi
Sinkiang[地]新疆,126
Sinlo[地]新乐,132
Sipo[族]锡伯族人,538
Sira-ordo (Golden Residence)[专]昔剌斡儿朵,269,270,271
Sirsuti[地]锡尔苏蒂,444
Sirmium (Mitrovica)[地]锡尔米蒙(米特罗维察),173
Sis[地]西斯,370
Sisian (Sitiens)[地]锡西安,608注
Sita (Siti; Syas)[地]锡塔河,265
Sitiens[地]锡西安,见Sisian
Siuan-ti[人]汉宣帝,37
Siuni[地]锡尤尼,608注
Siun-ki, Mount[地]浚稽山,36
Sivas[地]锡瓦斯,154,263,305,391,449,450
Siverskaya[地]锡韦尔斯卡亚,16
Siwalik[地]西瓦利克山,445
Six Dynasties[专]六朝,26,76
Skandagupta[人]塞建陀罗笈多,69,70
Skull, use as drinking cup[专]作饮酒器用的头盖骨,21,27,28,176,483
Slave trade[专]奴隶贸易,403
Slavs[族]斯拉夫人,175,177,178;参见Antes; Croats; Slovenes; Wends
Slovenes[族]斯洛文尼亚人,173
Smolensk[地]斯摩棱斯克,246
Smyrna (Izmir)[地]士麦那(伊兹米尔),184,419,451,452
Sobo Nor[地]索波湖,552注
Soche[地]莎车(叶儿羌),见Yarkand
Sod-nams rgya-mts'o[人]锁南坚错,513-514
So-fei Su-tan[人]琐菲速檀,见Sufi-sultan
Sögätü(So-tu)[人]速客秃(唆都),287,290
Sogdiana (K'ang-kui; Transoxiana)[地]索格底亚那(康居,河中粟特),xxii, xxv, 30,31,38,44,45,67,80,82,83,116,117,118,119,124,141;参见Transoxiana
Sogdian language[文]索格底亚那语,粟特语,96,113,124
Sogok Nor[地]索戈克湖,552注
Sok[地]索克河,440
So-ko[人]沙葛可汗,109
Sokpa[地]索克巴,525
Solang[族]肃良合人,192
Soldaia[地]苏达克城,见Sudak
Solhat (Solgat)[地]索勒哈特,402
Solokha[地]索罗克哈,10,15
Solon[族]高丽人,192,208,515,538
Somnath[地]索姆纳特,146
Sonqor[人]失克秃儿,361
Sorcery[宗]看萨满教,见Shamanism
Sorghaqtani (Soyurghaqtani)[人]唆鲁禾帖尼(莎儿合黑塔尼),212,255,272,273,275,280,358,596注
Sorqan-shira[人]锁尔罕失剌,200,582注
Sosnovaya Maza[地]索斯诺瓦雅·马札,6
So-tu[人]唆都(速客秃),见Sögätü
South Vietnam[朝]南越,见Champa
Soyot[族](兀良哈人)索约特人,见Uriangqai
Soyurghaqtani[人]莎儿合黑塔尼(唆鲁禾帖尼),见Sorghaqtani
Soyurghatmish[人]锁咬儿哈的迷失,416
Spalato[地]斯普利特,见Split
Spice trade[专]香料贸易,310,311,312-313,315
Split (Spalato)[地]斯普利特,267
Sri Mangala[人]失里忙伽罗,见Shih-li-mang-kia-lo
Sse[族]塞人,见Saka
Ssu-ma[专]司马,54
Ssu-ma Ch-ien[人]司马迁,20,30,36
Stalingrad[地]斯大林格勒(察里津),见Tsaritsyn
Staromishastovskaya[地]斯特拉米沙斯托夫卡雅,4-5
Stavropol[地]斯塔夫罗波尔,16
Stein, Sir Mark Aurel[人]奥瑞尔·斯坦因,29,48-49,52,53,96,97,306
Stephen (Vaik), St.,[人]圣·斯提芬(瓦伊克),179
Stephen (of Serbia)[人]斯提芬,451
Stone Bridge[地]石桥,见Pul-i Sengi
Strabo[人]斯特拉波,8,28,30,155,157,573注
Strigonium[地]斯特里戈里姆堡,见Gran
Stroganov[地]斯特罗甘诺夫,489
Süanhwa (Süan-tö)[地]宣化,24,25,108,229,507,510,511
Subati (Dzasagtu-khan)[人]素巴第(札萨克图汗),512
Sublime Porte[专]土耳其政府,见Ottomans
Sübötäi[人]速不台,207,214,216,226,240,245-246,247,258,260,264,266-267,395,582注,584注
Suchow (Succiu; Sugiu)[地]肃州,35,107,133,302,306,308,310,312,499
Sudak (Soldaia)[地]苏达克城,247,276,398,400,406,591注
Suddhipala[人]硕德八剌,321
Suevi[地]苏尔维,74
Su-fa[人]苏伐(姓),见Swarna
Su-fa Pu-shih (Suvarna Pushpa)[人]苏伐勃犅,99
Su-fa Tie (Swarnatep; Suvarna Deva)[人]苏伐叠,99
Sufi-sultan (So-fei Su-tan)[人]琐非速檀,499
Sugiu[地]苏州,见Suchow
Sugunjaq (Sunjaq)[人]孔札黑,355,361
Sui[朝]隋朝,66,85,88,89,90
Suiyuan (province)[地]绥远,213,301,303,318
Suiyuan (Shanyü; town),[地]绥远,25,106;参见Kuku Hoto
Sukhotai (Hsien)[朝]速古泰国,291,600注
Sulak[地]苏拉克,180,549注,556注
Sulamish[人]苏拉米什,382
Sulde (guardian genius)[专]保护神,217
Suldu[族]速儿都思,194,200
Suleiman ibn Qutulmish[人]苏里曼·伊本·库吐米施,153,154
Sultan 'Ali of Meshed[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,465
Sultaniyeh[地]苏丹尼耶,305,368,385,387,429,458,462
Sultan-shah (死于1193年)[人]苏丹·沙赫,167
Su-lu[人]苏禄,114-115,118
Sumatra[地]苏门答腊,309
Sumun (squadrons)[专]苏木(骑兵中队),530
Sung[朝]宋朝,63,131-132,133,134,136-138,139,189,258,259,282-284,286-288,296,297,304,305,516,518,593注
Sungari[地]松花江,136,515,516,517
Sung Yün[人]宋云,65,67,69,70,71
Sunjaq[人]孔札黑,见Sugunjaq
Sunnites[宗]逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484;参见Islam
Sunzumatu[地]索家马头(新州马头)即山东济宁,见Tsining (Shantung)
Suqnaq-tigin[人]苏格纳黑特勤,236,238
Suri Afghans[朝]苏里阿富汗,167
Su Ting-fang[人]苏定方,102-103
Sutlej[地]萨特莱杰河,444
Su-tsung[人]肃宗,120-121
Suvarna[族]苏伐家族,见Swarna
Suvarna Deva[人]苏伐叠,见Su-fa Tie
Suvarna Pushpa[人]苏伐勃犅,见Su-fa Pu-shih
Suyunitch[人]苏英尼奇,335
Suzdal[地]苏兹达尔城,265,395,407
Suzdalia[朝]苏兹达里亚公国,265
Svetoslav (Bulgar)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,402,403
Sviatopolk[地]斯威阿托颇尔克,175,178
Sviatoslav (of Kiev)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,181
Svishtov[地]斯维什托夫,76
Swarna (Suvarna; Su-fa; family)[族]苏伐家族,99
Swarnatep[人]苏伐叠,见Su-fa Tie
Syas[地]锡塔河,见Sita
Syr Darya (Jaxartes)[地]锡尔河,xxix,29,30,67,142,149,169,235,238,244,247,305,312,393,397,406,407,412,421,435,436,438,460,464,479,488,493,532
Syria[地]叙利亚,40,152,154,155,261,282,300,312,349,355,359-365,370,371,373,374,375,376,382,398,419,447-448,450;参见Mamelukes (dynasty)
Syr Tardush[族]薛延陀,92,93,565注
Szechwan[地]四川,132,258,259,282,283,284,285,307,518,533
Szentes[地]森特什,176
Szakald[地]扎卡尔德,267
Szilagyi-Somlio[地]舍拉吉-索姆利欧,8,176
Tabaqat-i-Nasiri[书]朱兹贾尼著《宗教保卫者一览表》,见Juzjani
Tabari[人]塔巴里,83,117
Tabaristan[地]塔巴里斯坦,142
Tabgatch[族]拓跋,见Toba
Tabriz (Tauris)[地]大不里士,桃里寺(元),xxvii,xxix,151,169,224,245,260,261,262,281,305,309,312,313,315,348,359,368,377,379,381,389,390,391,405,419,426,430,437,445,453,456,458
Täb-tängri[人]帖卜腾格里(阔阔出),见Kökchü
Tadzhiks[族]塔吉克人,161,237,277,327,344,381,426
Taganrog[地]塔甘罗格,16
Tagarskoye[地]塔格尔斯科耶,17
Taherten[人]塔黑屯,430,449,450
Tahir-khan[人]塔希尔汗,508
Tahmasp[人]塔马斯普,484-485
Ta-hsia[地]大夏(巴克特里亚),见Bactria
Tai[地]代郡(看平城),见Pingcheng
Taianfu[地]太原,见Taiyüan
Taibugha[人]台不花别吉,见Taibuqa
Taibuqa (Taibugha; Baibuqa; Tayang)[人]台不花,205,212,213,214,215,216
Taichow[地]代州,108
Taichu[人]泰出,204
Taiji (as title)[专]太子(称号),582注
Taijigot, Taiji'ut[族]泰赤乌惕部,见Tayichi'ut
Taiping[地]太平,137,287
Taishi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195
T'ai-tsi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195
T'ai-tsu (Chao K'uang-yin)[人]太祖(赵匡胤),131
T'ai-tsung (Sung emp.)[人]太宗(宋朝),131
T'ai-tsung (Li Shih-min; T'ang emp.)[人]唐太宗,李世民,90,92,93,94,95,98,99,100,101,102,111,134
T'ai-wang, t'ai-yang (as title)[专]大王,太阳(称号),205
Taiyiji (nobles)[专]台吉(贵族),530
Taiyüan (Taianfu; Tsining; Tsinyang)[地]太原(冀宁,晋阳),27,56,59,60,107,122,126,130,131,136,229,232,307,324,325
Takash (活跃于1084年)[人]塔卡什,153
Takash (活跃于1172-94)[人]塔喀什,167
Taka-shima[地]鹰岛,289
Taklamakan[地]塔克拉玛干大沙漠,xxii
Talamba[地]德伦巴,445
Talas (river)[地]怛逻斯河,38,67,82,83,87,120,142,145,233,234,236,244,254,273,326,327,340,342,343,386,395,422,425
Talas (Aulie-Ata; Dzhambul; Tankip; Yangi; town)[地]怛逻斯,(奥李阿塔,养吉,江布尔),67,84,93,120,141,142,147,169,277,303,312,338,423,461,492
Talekan[地]塔里寒,68
Tale-Lama[地]大理国(看云南),见Dalai Lama
Tali (kingdom)[地]大理城,见Yunnan
Tali (Caragian; town)[地]大理,284,307
Taliang[地]大梁,见Kaifeng
Taliku[人]塔里忽,338
Tallgren, A. M.[人]塔尔格伦,4,5,6,10-11,14,17
Ta-lo-pien[人]大逻便,88
Talysh[文]塔里锡文化,5,545注
Tamagha[专]塔马合,见Tamgha
Taman Peninsula[地]塔曼半岛,10,180,181,182,
Tambov[地]坦波夫,471
Tamerlane (Timurlenk)[人]帖木儿,248,300,325,328,345,346,390,391,400,406,408-453,456,479;特点,414-415,434;cruelty,428,430,431,442,444-445,450
Tamgatch-khan[人]贝里特勤,见Buri-tigin
Tamgha (tamagha; seal)[专]塔马合(印),220,586注
Tamghaj[专]拓跋,见Toba
Taming (Kichow)[地]大名,132,137,229,232,588注
Tämir[地]塔米尔河,294,528
Tana (Azov)[地]塔那(亚速夫海附近),15,16,312,313,404,405,441,442,475
Tanduc[地]托克托,见Toqto
Tang[人]唐王,518
T'ang[朝]唐朝,xxx,66-67,88,90,98,99,101-103,106-109,111-115,117-122,124-125,126-128,302
T'ang, Hou-[朝]后唐,见Hou-T'ang
T'ang Hiu-ying[人]唐休璟,118
Tang-hu[专]当户(称号),21
Tängri (khagan)[人]登利可汗,113
Tängri (Heaven), cult of[宗]腾格里(天国),20,23,84,86,106,179,217,219-220,228,244,266,270-271,354,561注,585注
Tängri bilgä[人]腾里野合俱录毗伽,122
Tängridä bulmysh alp qutlugh ulugh bilgä[人]爱腾里逻羽録没蜜施合胡禄,122
Tängridä bulmysh külüg bilgä[人]爱登里逻汨没蜜施俱録毗伽可汗,122
Tängrida qut bulmysh il ytmish bilgä qaghan[专]可汗名下赞誉之词,意为从天国获得的至高无上的权力,567注
Tängri-yin kuchundur[专]凭借长生天的力量,380
T'ang Shu[书]《唐书》,90,93-94,101,106
Tangut[族]唐兀惕(西夏),125,132,133,294,299,302,303,306,321,369,400;参见Hsi-Hsia
Tanki[地]看怛逻斯城,见Talas (town)
Tannu-Ola (Kögmän)[地]唐努乌拉,109,216,549注
Tannu-Tuva[地]唐努图瓦,544注
Tan-shih-huai[人]檀石淮,53
Taoism[宗]道教(先生),63,111,220,244,275,276,297,298,299,300;hsien-sheng (monks),602注
Tao-jen[宗]道人,见T'o-yin
Ta-pu-yen[人]塔不烟,166
Tara[地]塔拉,523
Taranchi[族]塔兰奇人,538
Tarbagatai[地]塔尔巴哈台,xxiii,xxvi,89,92,95,114,119,164,215,255,273,280,286,291,295,333,349,424,479,512,520,523,525,526,527,530,531,538
Tardu (Ta-t'ou)[人]达头,84-85,88,89,173,562注
Tardu-shad[人]达度设,93
Targhutai Kiriltuq[人]塔儿忽台乞邻勒,200,206,580注,582注
Ta'rikh-i Jahan-gusha[书]志费尼《世界征服者史》,见Juvaini
Ta'rikh-i Rashidi[书]《拉失德史》,见Muhammad Haidar II
Tarim[地]塔里木,xxii,xxiii,28,37-54,59,92,93,95-101,103,107,114-115,118,119,303,306,542;参见各绿洲条
Tarkhan (tarkhat; as title)[专]答儿罕,达干(称号),222,582注,586注-597注
Tarmashirin[人]塔儿麻失里,见'Ala ad-Din (Tar-mashirin)
Tarn, W. W.[人]塔恩,30,31
Tarqu[地](其他史料中的)萨曼塔尔,577注
Tarsa(Christian designation)[专]迭屑(基督教徒),300
Tarsus[地]塔尔苏斯,370
Tartar[族]塔塔儿人,见Tatar
Tar-Ussar[地]塔尔乌沙,见Sar-Otar
Tash Arighi[人]塔什·阿里希,411
Tashkent (Shash)[地]塔什干(柘析),29,89,96,103,116,117,119,142,235,238,244,312,338,345,411,413,415,418,419,423,425,438,439,457,463,480,481,482,484,485,488,489,492,494,495,496,508,531,532,533,540
Tash Kurghan[地]塔什库尔干,41,306
Tashtyk[专]塔锡蒂克文化,19
Tatar[族]塔塔儿(三十姓鞑靼,九姓鞑靼),139,191-192,193,198-199,203-204,206,207-208,213,227;称作蒙古人是不对的,472,585注;参见Otuz Tatar; Toquz Tatar
T'a-t'a-t'ung-a[人]塔塔统阿,190,216,220,232,250,584注
Tating[地]大宁,136,138,227
Ta-t'ou[人]达头,见Tardu
Ta-ts'in[地]大秦(罗马帝国,见Roman Empire)
Tatta, Lake[地]塔塔湖盆地,157
Tatu[地]大都(北京),见Peking
Tatung (Yünchow)[地]大同,xxiv,20,27,57,58,60,63,126,129,131,133,136,138,227,229,324,507,510,511
Taugast[族]桃花石(拓跋),见Toba
Tauris[地]桃里士(大不里士),见Tabriz
Tawaji[人]达瓦齐,见Dawaji
Tawakkul[人]泰外库勒汗,508,531
Taxation[专]税收(制度),251,253,256-257,275,300,351,352,586注,602注
Tayang (as title)[专]大王,太阳,蒙古语塔阳,190,205
Tayang (person)[人]塔阳(台不花),见Taibuqa
Tayanku (Tayanku-Taraz)[人]塔延古·塔拉兹,168-169,234
Tayichi'ut (Taijigot; Taiji'ut)[族]泰赤乌惕部,194,195,200,206,207
Tay Kiet[地]特基特湾,290
Ta-yüan[地]大宛(费尔干纳),见Fergana
Ta Yüeh-chih[族]大月氏,29
Tbilisi[地]第比利斯(梯弗里斯),见Tiflis
Tbilisskaya[地]第比利斯卡亚,73
Tebes[地]特伯斯,485
Tegin (tekin; as title)[专]特勤(称号),71,87
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre[人]查尔丁,3
Tekes[地]特克斯河,93,491
Tekin[专]特勤,见Tegin
Tekke[地]泰凯,452
Tekrit[地]提克里特,见Tikrit
Tekuder (Ahmed)[人]帖古迭儿,367,371-372
Teletz[人]泰勒兹汗,177
Temeyen-ke'er[地]特木因——基也尔,213
Temir[地]铁米尔,336
Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois[专]提尔的圣殿骑士《奇普洛瓦故事集》,361,363
Temuge (Temuge Ochigin)[人]铁木哥(铁木哥·斡赤斤),199,213,218,230,255,269,271
Temujin[人]铁木真(成吉思汗),见Jenghiz Khan
Temür (Temür Oljaitu)[人]铁穆耳(铁穆耳完泽笃),xxx,290,291,294,295,299,302,313-314,320,321,335,336,338,380,384,403
Temür-buqa[人]帖木儿不花,325
Temutai[人]铁木台,259
Tengkow[地]定州,108
Teng-li Meu-yu[人]登里牟羽,121
Tengri hills[地]腾格里山,340
Tengri Nor (Nam Tso)[地]腾格里湖(纳木错),524,533
Teplukhov[人]特普鲁科夫,19
Terek[地]捷列克河,5,72,74,180,366,387,392,398,441,472,503
Tereshcenko[人]特里斯圣科,442
Termez[地]帖尔木兹,159,342,414
Terter, George[人]乔治·特尔特,402
Tervel[人]泰弗尔,177
Tes[地]特斯,18
Tesh (Ti-shö)[人]蒂赊,567注
Teu Hien[人]窦宪,46
Teu Ku[人]窦固,42
Teutonic Knights[专]条顿骑士团,266
Thagouri[族]塔沟里人,28
Thagouron[地]塔沟拉城,28
Thai[族]傣族(罗罗人),291;参见Lo-Lo
Thaleqan[地]塔里寒城,241
Thana[地]塔纳,312,315
Thanesar (Thaneswar)[地]塔内瑟尔,72,146,599注
Thanhoa[地]清化,290
Theodora (wife of Justinian II)[人](查士丁尼二世之妻)塞俄多拉皇后,179
Theodore (khangan)[人]塞俄多尔,175
Theodoric (Visigoth)[人]狄奥多里克,58,76
Theognostes[人]塞俄罗斯特斯,401
Theophilus, (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)狄奥菲勒斯,180
Theophylactus Simocattes[人]塞俄菲拉克特斯·西摩卡塔,84,171,172,560注,561注,575注
Thessalonica[地]塞萨洛尼基,185
Thiän-tak[地]天德(托克托),见Toqto
Thinae[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41
thirty Tatar[族]三十姓鞑靼,见Otuz Tatar
Thogara[地](希腊史家记的张掖)塔沟拉城,28,41
Thogay[人]托盖,304
Thomas (of Florence)[人]佛罗伦萨的托马斯,314
Thomsen, V. L. P.[人]汤姆森,86
Thoroana[地]塞洛亚那,41
Thozan[地]东胜(托克托),见Toqto
Thrace[地]色雷斯,6,8,9,76,157,174,182,184,399,449
Thraco-Phrygians[族]色雷斯——弗里吉亚种人,4,10
Three Kingdoms[朝]三国,54,55
Three Quriqan[族]三个骨利干部(联盟),578注
Thunderbolt Goddess[专](一种游戏)劈雷女神,134
Thuringia[地]图林,173
Tiberius II[人]提比留斯二世,84
Tibet (T'u-fan)[族]吐蕃[地]西藏,103,107,114,115,118,119,126,189,284,319,367,522-524,532-533,536;参见K'iang; Lamaism; Tangut
Tibetan script[文]藏文,298
T'ie-mai-kai[地]帖麦该川,213
T'ien[文]汉语“天”,指天神之意,219
T'ien-ho (Denha; name)[人]腆合,301
T'ien Shan[地]天山,xxi,xxiii,28,40,84,96,423,424,495,497,501
T'ien-tö[地]天德(托克托),见Toqto
Tiflis (Tbilisi)[地]梯弗里斯,179,245,246,260,263,348,399,434
Tigris[地]底格里斯河,355,357,433
Tigris[地]伏尔加河(马可记伏尔加河),见Volga
Tikrit (Tekrit)[地]提克里特,433
Ti-ku-nai[人]迭古乃,138,139
Timur[人]帖木儿(帖木兰),见Tamerlane
Timur (活跃于1415年)[人]帖木儿,470
Timurid art[专]帖木儿朝艺术,457,465
Timurids[朝]帖木儿王朝,xxviii,158,243,342,416,418,456-465,479,480,481,483,484,485,492
Timurlenk[人]跛子帖木儿,见Tamerlane
Timur-malik[人]帖木儿灭里,238,406-407,435
Timur Qutlugh[人]帖木儿·忽特鲁格,440,442,443,469,622注,624注
Timur-shah[人]帖木儿·沙,487
Timurtash[人]帖木儿塔什,387,389,447,614注
Tingchow[地]定州(中山),见Chungshan
Tingiu[地]德化,见Tö-hua
Ti-ping[人]宋帝昺,288
Tirnovo[地]特尔诺沃,403
Ti-shö[人]蒂赊,见Tesh
Tisza[地]蒂萨河,72,174,266
Titus[宗]提多,49
Toba (Tabgatch; Tamghaj; Taugast)[族]拓跋人,xxviii,xxix,57,58,60-66,81,283,288,300,558注,560注,561注;参见Wei
Toba Hung[人]拓跋弘,64-65
Toba Hung II[人]拓跋宏,65
Toba K'iao[人]拓跋恪,65
Toba Kuei[人]拓跋珪,60
Toba Siun[人]拓跋濬,64
Toba Ssu[人]拓跋嗣,61
Toba Tao[人]拓跋焘,61,62-64
Tobol[地]托博尔,439,478,489,521
Tobolsk[地]托博尔斯克,479,489,490
Töchow[地]德州,132
Tödöyän-Girte[人]托多颜·昔惕,200
Togachar[人]脱格察儿,599注
Togachi[人]秃合赤,340
Toghan Temür (1333-70)[人]妥懽帖睦尔,319,321,323,324,325,502
Toghon (Toghan; 活跃于1285年)[人]脱欢(忽必烈之子),290
Toghon (Toghon Temür; Toghan; 活跃于1434年)[人]脱欢(马合木之子),491,505-506,629注
Toghrul-beg[人]吐格利尔拜格,见Togrul-beg
Togh Temür[人]图帖睦尔,321
Toghul Timur[人]吐格帖木儿,390
Togortak[地]托加尔塔克,184
Togrul (Wang-khan)[人]脱斡邻勒(王罕),192,199,200-201,203-212,216,578注
Togrul III[人]吐格利尔,158-159,167
Togrul-beg (Toghrul-beg)[人]吐格利尔拜格,147,149-150,151-152,158,159
Tö-hua (Tingiu)[地]德化,604注-605注
Tokat[地]托卡特,263,449
Tokhari[族]吐火罗人,27-28,31;参见Tukhara
Tokharian languages[文]吐火罗语,见Kuchean language
Tokharistan[地]吐火罗斯坦,116,117,118,119,143,参见Bactria
Tokharoi[人](希腊人的)吐火罗人,28,30,31
Tokhta-qiya[人]脱黑脱乞牙,406,435
Tokien[地]乾城,46
Tokmak[地]托克玛克93,94,96,114,115,423,491
Tö-kuang[人]德光,129,130
Töläch (Tölös)[族]铁勒,60,81,89,92,93,100,565注;参见Kao-kiu; Uigurs
Tolbiacum[地]托尔比阿克,63
Tölös[族]铁勒族,见Töläch
Tolui[人]拖雷,212,229,239-243,255,258,593注
Tolui, house of[人]拖雷家族,272,273,274,292,295,329,380,394
Tolun Nor[地]多伦诺尔(上都府),见Shangtuho
Tomsk[人]托木斯克,490
Tonkin[地]东京平原,289,290
Tonyuquq (To?uqouq)[人]暾欲谷,106,110,111,112
T'o-po[人]他钵,88,562注
Toqtai (Toqta; Toqtoa)[人]脱脱,384,402,403,404
Toqtamish[人]脱脱迷失,393,406-408,430,435-443,469,479,615注
Toqtemür[人]脱脱木儿,292
Toqto (Koshang; Tanduc; Thiän-tak; Thozan; T'ien-tö; Toshang; Tung-sheng)[地]托克托(科尚,东胜,天德),213,301,303,306,307,318,570注;参见Kweihwacheng
Toqtoa[人]脱脱,见Toqtai
Toqto'a (Toqto'a-bäki)[人]脱脱别乞,201,205,208,213,215,582注
Toqtoa-buqa[人]脱脱不花,507
Toquz Oghuz (Nine Oghuz)[族]九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注
Toquchar[人]脱合察,241,584注
Toquz Tatar (Nine Tatar)[族]九姓鞑靼,110,192
Toquz Temür[人]脱古思帖木儿,502-503
Törägänä[人]脱列哥那,268-269,271,330,352,595注,615注
Toramana[人]多拉马那,71
Torbitashi[人]托比塔石,583注
Torghaq (guard)[专]卫队,哨兵,520
Torghut (Törghüt)[族]土尔扈特人,488,503,510,520-522,523,525,538-539,540;参见Oirat
Torii[人]托利,53
Torks[族]托克人(乌古思),见Oghuz
Toru Haneda[人]托鲁·汉勒达,30
Toshang[地]东胜(托克托),见Toqto
Tötsing (Tsingfeng)[地]德清军(清丰县),132
Tovinsk[族]图瓦族,538
T'o-yin (tao-jen; tuinan; Buddhist monks)[宗]道人,597注,602注
Trade[专]贸易(指丝绸贸易),309-313,403;参见Silk Road
Trajan[人]图拉真,45,72
Tran Nhon-ton[人]陈仁宗,290
Transbaikalia[地]外贝加尔地区,13,25,37,208
Transcaucasia[地]外高加索地区,179,376,437
Transoxiana[地]河中地区,141-147,149,152-153,159,160,165,168,169,172,189,233,236,238,239,242,255,269,292,293,305,326,333,334,335,336,338,340,342,343,344,345,352,369,370,376,387,390,406,408-419,421,422,423,425,426,428,432,435,438,440,453,456,457,460,463,464,465,479,481-488,492-496,500,508;参见Sogdiana
Transylvania[地]特兰西瓦利亚,173,178
Tran Thaitong[人]陈日煚,284
Travancore[地]特拉万可,309,311
Treaty of Belgrade[专]贝尔格莱德条约,475
Treaty of Karlowitz[专]卡尔洛维茨条约,475
Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji[专]库楚克-凯纳尔吉条约,475,477
Treaty of the Prut[专]普鲁特条约,475
Trebizond (city)[地]特拉布松,309,312,313,314,374,453
Trebizond (empire) [王朝]特拉布松国,312,449,591注
Trifonova[地]特里波利耶,18
Tripitaka[书]《三藏》,49
Tripoli (county)[地]特里波利郡,360
Tripolye[地]特里波利耶,4
Troitsk[地]特洛伊茨克,558注
Troitskosavsk[地]特洛伊茨科沙夫斯克,25,37
Troyes[地]特鲁瓦,76
Tsaghan-gol[地]柴汗沟,549注
Tsagun Dorji (Tushetu-khan)[人]察珲多尔济(土谢图汗),528,529
Ts'aichow (Juning)[地]蔡州,258
Tsaidam[地]柴达木,212,523,524,525,526,533
Tsang (gTsang)[地]乌斯藏,298,523,524
Tsanglu (Cianglu)[地]长芦,308
Ts'ao Pei[人]曹丕,54
Ts'ao Pin[人]曹彬,131
Ts'ao Ts'ao[人]曹操,54
Tsarev[地]察列甫,400,442
Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad; Volgograd)[地]察里津(斯大林格勒),247,522
Tsereng Dondub[人]大策凌敦多卜,524,531,532,533,536,540
Tsewang Dorji Namgyal[人]策妄·多尔济·那木札尔,537
Tsewang Rabdan[人]策妄阿拉布坦,531,532,533,536,540,541
Tsewang Shab[人]策妄扎布,529
Ts'ien-Chao (Pei-Han)[朝]前赵(北汉),56
Ts'ien-Ch'in[朝]前秦,58
Ts'ien-Yen[朝]前燕,58,59
Tsifeng[地]赤峰,136
Tsinan[地]济南,137,229,232
Tsingchow (Yitu)[地]青州(益都),557注,571注
Tsingfeng[地]清丰(德清军),见Tötsing
Tsingshui[地]清水河,248
Tsining (Shansi)[地]冀宁(山西)(太原),见Taiyüan
Tsining (Singiumatu; Sunzumatu; in Shantung)[地]济宁(山东),308,316
Tsinyang[地](晋阳)看太原,见Taiyüan
Tsiyang (Ciangli)[地]滋阳,308
Tsi-Yung[人]祭彤,39
Tsong-kha-pa[人]宗喀巴,513,514
Tsoros[族]看绰罗斯部,见Choros
Tsotba Ba'atur[人]卓特巴巴图尔,526,527
Tsuglan (Diets or leagues)[专]扎格兰,530
Tsu-k'iu[人]沮渠(北凉),见Pei-Liang
Tsushima[地]对马岛,289
Tuan Hing-chih[人]段兴智,284
Tuan Kung[人]段颎,48
T'u-chüeh (Blue Turks; Kök Türk)[族]突厥人,xxii,xxiii,xxiv,8,23,79-90各处,92-95,99,100,103,106-114,116-117,120,126,127-128,171,172,173-174,176,196,216,217,224,231,256,326,417,546注,585注;参见Nu-shih-pi; Tu-lu (tribes)
T'u-ch'i[专]屠耆王,20
Tuda Mangu[人]脱脱蒙哥,401-402
Tudun (as title)[专]吐屯,87,175
T'u-fan[族]吐蕃(看藏族),见Tibet
Tughan[人]托甘汗,133,146
Tugha Timur[人]秃花·帖木儿,428
Tughlugh (活跃于1274年)[人]秃忽鲁哥,308
Tughlugh (活跃于1305年)[人]吐格鲁格,339,340
Tughlugh Timur[人]秃忽鲁帖木儿,344-345,346,409-410,411,422
Tughri[地]四塔沟里,见“Four Tughri”
Tugshada[人]吐格沙达,116,117
Tuinan[宗]参看道人,见T'o-yin
Tukhara[族]吐火罗人,28,40,68,69;参见Tokhari
Tu-k'i-che[人]突骑支,99
Tula[地]土拉河(土兀剌河),35,106,110,191,200,212,247,255,502,504,512,529,530,536
Tula-buqa[人]秃剌不花,401,402
Tu-lan[人]都兰,88,89
T'u-li[人]突利,88,89,92
Tulik[人]吐利克,344
Tultu[地]吐尔吐,551注
Tu-lu (person)[人]咄陆,95
Tu-lu (tribes)[族]咄陆部,95,102,103,109,114
Tulugma (heading-off movement)[专]拦截运动,224
Tulun-cherbi[人]咄伦·切必,589注
T'u-man[人]头曼,27
Tümed[族]土默特部,509,510,513,514,517,519,529,530,629注
T'u-men[人]土门(看布明),见Bumin
Tumen (army division)[专]土绵(万夫长),222,587注
Tumengken[人]图蒙肯,512
Tümen Sasaktu[人]图们札萨克图汗,510,514
T'u-mu[地]土木,507
T'ung-chien-k'ang-mu[书]《通鉴纲目》,132
Tungchow[地]通州,325
Tungge (Tungeli)[地]董哥泽,583注
Tung hua lu[书]《东华录》,536
Tung-ko, Lake[地]董哥泽,210
Tungkwan[地]潼关,232,257,258
Tung-nu[族]东胡,27
Tungsheng[地]东胜(看托克托),见Toqto
T'ung Shih-hu[人]统叶护,93,94-95
Tungus[族]通古斯人,xxiv,xxv,53,78,128,189,514,515-516,519;参见Jurchid; Kin
Tungus languages[文]通古斯语,xxv,127,193
Tunguska[地]通古斯卡,515
Tungwan[地]统万城,61
Tung-Wei[朝]东魏,65,66,82
Tunhwang (Saciu; Shachow)[地]敦煌(沙洲),xxii,35,36,41,52,96,133,302,305,306,312,499,536
Tupshi[地]吐帕施,36
Tuq (army division)[专](十万人的组织称为纛,587注
Tuq (standard)[专]纛(旗子),210,216,217,293
Tuqa Timur[人]秃花帖木儿,334
Tuqiti-khatun[人]秃乞台可敦,358
Toqulqu-cherbi[人]秃忽鲁忽切儿比,593注
Tuqugan[人]秃罕,见Tutuqan
Tura[地]图拉河,479,489
Turan[地]图兰,252
Turan-shah[人]图兰沙,362
Turbat-i-Jam[地]土尔巴特·杰姆,484
Turbet[族]杜尔伯特,见Dörböt
Turfan (Carachoço; Kaochang; Karakhoja; Khocho; Kiu-shih)[地]吐鲁番(高昌,哈拉火州,车师),xxii,xxiii,28,35,37,38,40,42,44,46,47,48,59,62,64,89,93,94,95,98,100,122,124,125,144,164,189,197,233,252,305,312,326,329,424,425,453,491,492,493,494,496,497,498,499,506,528,536,603注,艺术,52,96,98,122,124
Turfanese language[专]吐鲁番语,96
Türgäch[族]突骑施,见Türgish
Turgai (region)[地]图尔盖,254,392,394,403,460,478,479,522
Turgai (river)[地]图尔盖河,8,19,148,393,394,439,485,508
Turghai[人]图盖,339
Turghaq (turgha'ut; army guards)[专]土儿合兀惕(值日班者),222
Türgish (Türgäch)[族]突骑施,107,109,114-115,118
Turkan-khatun[人]秃儿罕可敦,237
Turkestan (Yasy; town)[地]突厥斯坦城(雅西城),238,438,439,479,480,481,488,492,493,496,507,526,531,532
Turkic language[文]突厥语,xxv,327,465,544注,579注-580注
Turkic script[文]突厥文,113,124
Turkman[族]土库曼人,见Turkoman
Turkmenistan[地]土库曼斯坦,164
Turkoman (Turkman)[族]土库曼人,148,149,153,155,157,158,160,161,164,185,382,385,391,418,430,431,521,522,572注
Tus (Mashhad; Meshed)[地]图斯(麦什德),167,240,241,351,352,368,376,387,425,483,484,485
Tusculum[地]图斯卡鲁姆,375
Tushetu-khan (person)[人]土谢图汗(察珲多尔济),见Tsagun Dorji
Tushetu-khan (Bodgo-khan; khanate)[人]土谢图汗,53,512,528
Tu-tsung[人]宋度宗,286
Tutuq (as title)[专](突厥语)都督,582注
Tutuqan(Tuquqan)[人]秃罕,401
Tutush[人]突吐施,154,155
T'u-yu[人]突欲,129
T'u-yü-huen[族]吐谷浑,64-65,89
Tver[地]特维尔城,265,395,404
Tyawka[人]头克汗,531,532,625注
Tyre[地]提尔,360,361
Tyumen[地]秋明,406,443,489,490,614注
Tyutshta[地]秋兹塔,66,558注
Tzelgu[人]翟尔古,184
Tzu-ch'uan[地]酒泉,35,41
Uar (Var)[族]瓦尔部,171,172
Uarkhonites (Ouarkhonitai; Uarkhuni; Varchonitae)[族]瓦尔和昆尼,82,171,173
'Ubaidallah[人]奥贝都剌汗,485
Ubasha[人]渥巴锡汗,522,538-539
Ubsa Nor[地]乌布萨泊,190,510,512,525
Uch Ferman[地]乌什吐鲁番,见Uch Turfan
Uchirtu-sechen[人]鄂齐尔图(车臣汗),523,525,526,527
Uchiyeds[族]乌济叶特人,629注
Uch Turfan (Uch Ferman; Wensu)[地]乌什·吐鲁番,40,425,541
Uchur[族]乌楚尔人,515
Udine[地]乌迪内,319
Udiyana[地]乌阇衍那,65
Ufa[地]乌发,548注
Ugä[人]乌介,见Wu-kiai
Ugechi (活跃于1267年)[人]忽哥赤,308
Ugechi (Ökächi;活跃于1399年),[人]鬼力赤,503,628注
Ugra[地]乌格拉河,470
Uigur[族]回纥,回鹘,畏兀儿,xxiv,60,81,89,100,102,110,113-114,120-122,124,125-126,128,133,144,149,164,171,180,189,190,196,197,212,216,217,220,231,233,234,250,251,252,277,319,327,417,424,425,565注-566注;参见Sari-Uigur; Töläch
Uiguria[地]回鹘地区(畏兀儿地区),244,326,329,330,335,367,417,482,493,496;参见Beshbaligh; Kucha; Turfan
Uiguristan (Ioguristan)[地]畏兀儿斯坦,305,424,461,463,491,493,495-499
Uigur language[文]回鹘语,畏兀儿语,220,243
Uigur script[专]回鹘文,畏兀儿文,113,124,125-126,220,252,277,298-299,351,601注Uiguro-Mongol,516,521
Ukenj[人]斡根赤,330,606注
Ukraine[地]乌克兰,265,266
Ulala[地]乌拉拉,525
Ulan Bator[地]乌兰巴托,见Urga
Ulan-put'ung[地]乌兰布通,529
Ulaqchi[人]兀剌黑赤,397
Uliassutai[地]乌里雅苏台,20,479,512,537
Ulja[地]斡里札,203
Üllö[地]于勒,176
Ulski[地]乌尔斯基,15
Ulu-jüz[族]大帐,见Great Horde
Ulu Muhammad[人]乌鲁·穆罕默德,472
Ulus (tribe; small nation)[专]兀鲁思(部落,小民族),193,253,579注
Ulus-begi (as title)[专]兀鲁思别吉,344,422
Ulus-irgen (organized nation or state)[专]兀鲁思-亦尔坚(国家),197,579注
Ulu-Tau (Ulugh tagh)[地]兀鲁塔山,215,393,406,435,439,478,479,485
Ulyungur Nor[地](克孜尔巴什湖)乌伦古尔湖,见Qyzyl-bash
Umai[宗]乌迈,86
'Umar-mirza[人]乌马儿·米尔咱,456,458
'Umar-shaikh (死于1391年)[人]乌马儿·沙黑(帖木儿之子),425,433,438,456
'Umar-shaikh (1469-94)[人]乌马儿·沙黑,463,494
Umehara, Sueju[人]梅原末治,24
Ummayads[朝]倭马亚王朝,116-117
Unaghan boghul[专]乌拉干,孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),见Boghul
Unggur[人]乌格尔,588注
Ungvar (Uzhgorod)[地]乌日哥罗德,266
Uquna[人]兀忽纳,238
Ur[地]乌尔,8
Ural (Yaik; river)[地]乌拉尔河(扎牙黑河),6,181,182,186,277,392,394,407,439,471,472,478,479,480,486,522,525,531
Urals (mountains)[地]乌拉尔山,xxv,8,78,177,247,264,393-394,478,489
Uralsk[地]乌拉尔斯克,254,392
Ura Tyube[地]乌拉秋别,36,464
Urban V, Pope[人]教皇乌尔班五世,319
Urga (Ulan Bator)[地]库伦(乌兰巴托),xxi,512,514,529,530
Urgench (Gurganj)[地]乌尔根奇,玉龙杰赤,160,237,239,241,243,254,335,394,421,479,485,521,589注
Uriangkhai (place)[地]乌梁海地区,549注
Uriangkhans[族]兀良哈人,509,629注
Uriangqai (Soyot; people)[族]兀良哈人(索约特人),538,579注,582注
Uriangqatai (Uriankqadai)[人]兀良哈台,28,284,598注
Urianqut[族]兀良忽人,582注
Urmia, Lake[地]乌尔米亚湖,359
Urtupa[地]乌尔吐帕,440
Uruk-khatun[人]兀鲁克可敦,373,383
Urumchi (Urumtsi)[地]乌鲁木齐,95,536,537,538
Urungu[地]乌伦古河,61,81,89,119,205,255,272,312,479,510,523,525,538
Urus[人]兀鲁思,406,435
Uru'ud[族]乌鲁尔德部,194,210,583注
Ushin Banner[族]乌审旗,513
Uspenskoye[地]乌斯平斯科伊,见Bolgar (town)
Usrushna[地]乌拉秋别,见Ura Tyube
Ussuri[地]乌苏里江,128,133,134,515
Ust-Kamenogorsk[地]乌斯季卡缅诺哥尔斯克堡,532
Ust-Labinskaya[地]乌斯拉宾斯卡亚,16
Ust-Urt[地]乌兹特-乌尔特,164
Usun[人]兀孙,218
'Uthman (of Tekke)[人]乌斯曼,452
'Uthman I (Osman)[人]奥斯曼一世,385,389
Uthman ibn Ibrahim[人]乌斯曼·伊本·易不拉欣,168,169,237
Uturgurs (Utrigurs)[族]乌特格尔人,79,80,172,173
Uweis[人]乌畏思,390,391
Uzbeks (özbegs)[族]乌兹别克人,460,464,465,479-486,488,500,531;参见Shaybanids
Uzes[族]乌泽人,见Oghuz
Uzgen[地]乌兹根(讹迹邗),144,234,423,460,479
Uzhgorod[地]乌日哥罗德,见Ungvar
Uzindur[地]乌金杜尔,78
Uzun Hasan[人]乌宗·哈桑,459,462,470
Vaik[人]瓦伊克(圣斯提芬),见Stephen
Vais (Vais-khan)[人]歪思汗,491,492,506
Vakhsh[地]瓦赫什河,346,411
Valens[人]瓦伦丁,48
Valentinian III[人]瓦伦丁三世,76
Valentinos[人]瓦伦丁,84,85,88,172,173,
Van (town)[地]凡城,431,433
Van, Lake[地]凡湖,261
Var[族]瓦尔部,见Uar
Varchonitae[族]瓦尔昆尼人,见Uarkhonites
Vartan[人]瓦尔坦,356-357,358,360,361
Vartopu[文]瓦尔特浦文化,6
Varus[人]瓦努斯,36
Vasellus, James[人]瓦舍鲁斯·詹姆斯,371
Vasellus, John[人]瓦舍鲁斯·约翰,371
Vasili Ivanovich[人]瓦西里·伊凡洛维奇(巴西尔三世),见Basil III
Vasudeva[人]韦苏特婆,32
Venetians[族]威尼斯人,533;在克里米亚,247,312,403,404,405,442
Venice[地]威尼斯,309,314
Verkhneudinsk[地]上乌金斯克,13,558注
Verny[地]韦尔内,见Alma-Ata
Viatka[地]维亚特卡,473
Vidjaya[人]尉迟,见Vijaya
Vienna[地]维也纳,419
Vietnam[朝]越南(安南国占婆),见Annam; Champa
Viguri[族]昆奴格尔人,见Hunnugur
Vijaya (Vidjaya; Chaban)[地]佛誓,290,309
Vima Kadphises (Kadphises II)[人]维马·卡德菲斯二世,32
Vimalaksha[人]卑摩罗义,50
Visigoths[族]西哥特人,60,73-74,75,76
Vistula[地]维斯杜拉河,73,266
Vitautas[人]维托夫特,见Witowt
Vithimir[人]威塞米尔,73
Vitim[地]维季姆,515
Vitovt[人]维托夫特,见Witowt
Vladimir (place)[地]弗拉基米尔,247,265,395,407,436
Vladimirtsov, B. Y.[人]弗拉基米尔佐夫,193,194-195,201,202,204,207,215,217,222,247
Vladivostok[地]海参崴(符拉迪沃斯托克),128
Vocan[地]瓦罕,见Wakhan
vogul[族]窝古尔人,177,489
Vogul language[文]窝古尔语,576注
Volga (Itil)[地]伏尔加河(伊提尔河),10,14,72,73,173,180,181,182,186,247,264,268,270,271,276,281,282,304,312,392,393,396,397,400,402,403,419,436,440,442,472,486,521,525,540
Volgograd[地]伏尔加格勒,见Tsaritsyn
Völkerwanderung[专]民族大迁徙,16,54
Voronezh[地]沃罗涅什,7,10
Vorskla[地]沃尔斯克拉,443,469
Votiak[族]沃加克族人,489
Vozdvizhenskoye[地]沃兹德维任斯科耶,73
Vozha[地]沃查,405
Vugiu[地]婺州(浙江),见Wuchow (Chekiang)
Wahlstatt[地]瓦尔斯塔特,266
Wajih ad-Din Mas'ud[人]瓦吉黑哀丁·马苏德,390
Wakhan (Humi; Vocan)[地]瓦罕,41,118,306
Wali[人]瓦力,428,429
Wa-li-pu[人]斡离不,136
Wallachia[地]瓦拉几亚,6,75,174,175,176,184,268
Wang (as title)[专]“王”(称号),204
Wang (tribe)[族]王部,见Dörben Qoriya
Wang An-shih[人]王安石,296
Wang Chan[人]王振,507
Wang Chung-tsu[人]王忠嗣,118
Wang-khan (as title)[人]王罕(称号),192
Wang-khan (person),[人]王罕(脱斡邻勒),见Togrul
Wangtu[地]望都,128
Wan Li[人](明)万历皇帝,516
Wan Tu-kuei[人]万度归,62
Wan-yen[族]完颜部,134,136,516,571注;参见Kin
Wan-yen Ch'eng-huei[人]完颜承晖,230
Wan-yen Wu-shih (Goshi)[人]完颜希尹,139
Warfare[专]战术,见Battle tactics
"Warring States"("Fighting States")[朝]战国时代,20,24-25,26
Wassaf[人]瓦撒夫,333,338,384
Water, reverence for[专]崇拜河水,84,219,220
Waterways[专]水路,309,310
Waziristan[地]瓦济里斯坦,169
Wei (dynasty)[朝]北魏,60;参见Toba
Wei (river)[地]渭河,92,138,232,257,258,283
Wei (state)[朝]魏国,54,55
Wei, Hsi-[朝]西魏,见Hsi-Wei
Wei, Tung-[朝]东魏,见Tung-Wei
Wei-ch'ö[人]尉迟,101,115
Wei-chö Cheng[人]尉迟胜,567注
Wei-ch'ö Fu-shö[人]尉迟伏师,115
Weichow (Yüchow)[地]蔚州(幽州),106-107,108
Wei Ts'ing[人]卫青,34,35
Wenchow[地]温州,137
Wends[族]文德人,173
Wensu[地]温宿(乌什·吐鲁番),见Uch Turfan
Wen-tjong[人]王倎,288
White Horde (Chaghan-ordo; Aqordu)[族]白帐(查罕·斡耳朵,阿黑·斡耳朵),335,393,403,406-407,421,435,436,438,439,469,478-479,615注;参见Kipchak khanate; Orda
White Huns[族]白匈奴(莚哒),见Ephthalites
White Sheep[朝]白羊王朝,见Aq-Qoyunlu
Wieger, Léon[人]威格尔,21
William (of Nassio)[人](纳昔奥的)威廉,304
William (of Rubruck)[人](卢布鲁克村的)威廉,见Rubruck, William of
Witowt (Vitovt; Vitautas)[人]维托夫特,443,469
Wolf (böri)[专]狼(附离),xxvii,81,87,544注,560注
Wuchang (Wuchow; Hupeh)[宗](图腾)狼,[地]武昌(湖北),武州,284,285,287,323
Wu-che-lo[人]乌质勒,107,109
Wuchow (Hupeh)[地]武州(湖北省)(看武昌),见Wuchang
Wuchow (near Shoping)[地]武州(朔平附近),136
Wuchow (Vngiu; Chekiang)[地]婺州(浙江),308
Wu-chu[人]兀术,137
Wu Hou (Wu Tsö-t'ien)[人]武后(武则天),107,108,127
Wuhu[地]芜湖,287
Wu-huan[族]乌桓,39,54
Wu-kiai (Ugäq)[人]乌介可汗,569注
Wu-k'i-mai[人]吴乞买,136,571注
Wu-lei[地]乌垒,37
Wu-liang-ha[地]乌梁海(热河),见Jehol
Wu-ling[人]赵武灵王,20,550注
Wu-lo[人]乌禄,139
Wu San-kuei[人]吴三贵,517,518
Wu-sun[族]乌孙,29,30,34,37,38,40,45,53,552注
Wutai[地]五台山,133
Wu-ti[人]武帝,34,35,36,101
Wu Tsö-t'ien[人]武则天,见Wu Hou
Wu-tu-pu[人]吾睹补,230
Wuwei[地]武威,35,54
Xiengmai[地]清迈,见Chiangmai
Yabghu (as title)[专]叶护,82,87,560注-561注;参见She-hu
Yachy[地]押赤(看云南)见Yunnan (town)
Yadigar (Yadiyar)[人]雅迪格尔汗,475,489
Yaghma[族]样磨,572注
Yahballaha, Mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世,见Mar Yahballaha III
Yahya[人]牙黑牙,431,432,433
Yaik[地]扎牙黑河(乌拉尔河),见Ural (river)
Yaishan[地]厓厓山,288
Ya-ku (James; name)[人]雅各,301
Yakut[人]雅库特,xxv,544注
Yalavach, Mahmud[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,见Mahmud Yalavach
Yalavach, Mas'ud[人]麻速忽·雅剌洼赤,见Mas'ud Yalavach
Yamishevsk (Peschanaia)[地]雅米谢威斯克,523,532
Yang Chien[人]杨坚,88
Yangchow (Ianzu; Yangiu)[地]扬州,122,139,302,308,310,316,323
Yangi[地]养吉,见Talas (town)
Yangi-Hissar[地]英吉沙尔城,495
Yangiu[地]扬州,见Yangchow
Yang-shao-ts'un[地]仰韶村,4
Yang-ti[人]隋炀帝,89-90,98,99
Yangtze (Kian; Quian)[地]长江,57,137,138,139,259,283,284,287,293,302,304,309,310,323,516
Yang Ye[人]杨业,131
Yao Ch'ang[人]姚苌,59
Yao Chu[人]姚枢,283
Yao-shu-mu (Yoshmut)[人]尤斯姆,593注
Ya'qub[人]雅库伯,452
Yarkand (Soche; Yarcan)[地]叶儿羌(莎车)(鸭儿看),xxii,37,40,41,43,45,48,52,95,96,101,306,426,460,485,491,494,495,497,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542
Yarligh (jarliq; imperial edict)[专]札儿里黑(敕令),282,597注
Yar Muhammad[人]雅尔·穆罕默德,486
Yaroslav (of Kiev)[人](基辅的)雅罗斯拉夫,182
Yaroslav (of Sternberg)[人]雅罗斯拉夫,266
Yaroslav (of Vladimir)[人]雅罗斯拉夫(弗拉基米尔的),269,395,615注
Yaroslavl[人]雅罗斯拉夫,265
Yaroslavskaya[地]雅罗斯拉夫斯卡雅,73
Yär-su[专]天地之精灵,见Yer-sub
Yasaq (jasa; jasaq; yasa; law code)[专]札撒(法典),221,230-231,252,256,275,312,328,416,418,586注
Yasd[地]耶斯特,见Yezd
Yasodharman[人]亚琐德哈尔曼,71
Yassawur[人]牙撒吾儿,340,386
Yassy[地]亚色,423
Yasun (subclan)[专]牙孙(小氏族),193
Yasy[地]雅西城(突厥斯坦城),见Turkestan (town)
Yavana (Ionians)[地](希腊人称呼)大宛,554注
Yazi[地]雅吉,423
Ye[地]邺城,58,59,60;参见Changteh
Yedigei[人]亦敌忽,见Idiqu
Yehangir[人]叶汗吉尔,526
Ye-hsien, Ye-hsien Taichi[人]也先台吉,见Esen (Esen-taiji)
Yelets[地]耶列兹城,441,471
Ye-li-k'o-wen (priests)[专]也里可温,300,602注
Yellow River (Caramoran; Kara Muren)[地]黄河,xxvi,27,35,55,60,61,132,133,136,138,176,226,232,233,257,258,283,308,510,604注
Yelmish[人]叶儿迷失,301
Ye-lü A-pao-ki[人]耶律阿保机,见A-pao-ki
Ye-lü Chih-lu-ku[人]耶律直鲁古,166,233,234,235
Ye-lü Ch'u-ts'ai[人]耶律楚材,231-232,250,251,256-257,258,268,593注
Ye-lü Hiou-ko[人]耶律休哥,131-132
Ye-lü Hsien[人]耶律贤,131
Ye-lü King[人]耶律璟,130
Ye-lü Lü-ko[人]耶律留哥,228,250
Ye-lü Lung-sü[人]耶律隆绪,131,132
Ye-lü Shih (Pu-su-wan)[人]耶律诗(普速完),166,167
Ye-lü Ta-shih[人]耶律大石,164,165,166,574注
Ye-lü Tö-kuang[人]耶律德光,见Tö-kuang
Ye-lü Yen-hsi[人]耶律延禧,136
Ye-lü Yi-lie[人]耶律夷列,166
Ye-lü Yüan[人]耶律阮,130
Yen, Hou-[朝]后燕,见Hou-Yen
Yen, Hsi-[朝]西燕,见Hsi-Yen
Yen, Nan-[朝]南燕,见Nan-Yen
Yen, Pei-[朝]北燕,见Pei-Yen
Yen, Ts'ien-[朝]前燕,见Ts'ien-Yen
Yenching, Yenchow[地]燕京,燕州(今北京),见Peking
Yenisei (people)[族]叶尼塞人,515
Yenisei (river)[地]叶尼塞河,xxiv,3,40,66,109,113,124,125,148,166,191,205,216,286,503,508,515,521,532
Yenki[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr
Yen-lo[人]奄罗,88
Yenmen[地]雁门,34,57,90
Yen-ta[人]俺答(阿勒坦汗),见Altan-khan
Yer-sub (yär-su; genies)[专]天地之精灵,86
Yesen Temür[人]也先帖木儿,见Esen Temür
Yesugän[人]也速根,208
Yesugei[人]也速该,192,198,199,203,578注
Yesui[人]也速亦,208,248
Yesun Temür[人]也孙铁穆耳,299,314,317,318,321
Yesut[族]叶苏特部,207
Ye-tai[族]莚哒人,见Ephthalites
“Ye-tai-i-li-t'o”[人]叶太伊里窦,68
Yezd (Yasd)[地]耶斯特,305,309,315,390,431,432,433
Yezdegerd II[人]耶斯特二世,68
Yezdegerd III[人]叶斯德苟特三世,116
Yi-che-shih[人]伊稚斜单于,35
Yichow[地]易州,132,570注
Yi-jan[人]伊然可汗,113
Yingchang (Kailu)[地]应昌(开鲁),325,502
Yingpan[地]营盘,42
Ying-tsung[人](明)英宗皇帝,507
Yi-sho (Isho; Jesus; name)[人]伊索,301
Yissu-Mangu[人]也速蒙哥,271,274,329
Yissu-Temür[人]玉昔帖木儿,293
Yi-sun[地]伊循,37
Yi-tsi-nai[地](哈拉霍托)亦集乃,见Karakhoto
Yitu[地]益都(青州),见Tsingchow
Yiwu (Hami or Lob Nor?)[地]伊吾(哈密),42,47,48
Yo Fei[人]岳飞,138
Yo-nan (John; name)[人]约南,301
Yotkan[地]约特干(于阗),见Khotan
Yüan[朝]元朝,xxx,288-321,323-325,327,339,367,396,502,503,513,519;参见Kublai
Yüan-ch'uan[地]苑川(兰州),见Lanchow
Yüan Shih[书]《元史》,198,205,206,208,212,213,214,215,229,231,588注
Yüchow[地]禹州(看钧州),见Kunchow
Yu-ch'u-kien[人]於除鞬,46
Yüeh-chih[族]月氏人(看贵霜),27-32,34,35,40,45,46,49,68,69,551注;参见Kushans
Yulduz[地]裕勒都斯,xxiii,46,67,80,83,84,93,173,338,413,419,422,424,425,460,461,463,493,495,497,498,506,539
Yülin (Fungchow)[地]榆林,25,107,511
Yümen[地]玉门,35
Yümen Kuan[地]玉门关,41
Yüncheng[地]郓城,301
Yünchow[地]云州(大同),见Tatung
Yunchung[地]云中,106
Yung-cheng[人]雍正皇帝,518,536,537
Yung-li (Yung-ming)[人]永历(永明),518
Yung Lo[人]永乐皇帝,453,456,459,503,504,505
Yung-ming[人]永明(永历),见Yung-li
Yungping[地]永平,108,127,230,517,557注
Yunkang[地]云岗,64
Yunnan (Caragian; Caraian; Nanchow; Tali; kingdom)[朝]云南国,283-284,307-308,518,598注
Yunnan (Iaci; Yachy; town)[地]云南,307
Yunnanfu[地]云南府(善阐),见Shanshan
Yunus[人]羽奴思,461,463,480,481,492,493-494,494-495,497,498,507
Yüqunan[人]玉忽南,583注
Yüräk[人]玉剌克,301
Yuriel[地]尤利城,407,436
Yurii (of Ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)尤里,265
Yurii (of Vladimir)[人](弗拉基米尔)尤里,247
Yurii II (of Suzdalia)[人](苏兹达里亚大公)尤里,265
Yuri Konchakovich[人]尤里·科思察科维奇,591注
Yurt (grazing land)[专]禹儿惕(牧地),221-222,253
Yusuf[人]玉素甫,541
Yusuf Khass Hajjib, Qudatqu bilig[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什《福乐智慧》,148
Yusuf Sufi[人]玉素甫·苏菲,421
Yuyü[地]右玉(朔平),见Shoping
Zabdat at-Tavarikh[书]《史记实录》,499
Zabergan (Zamergan)[人]扎伯干,79
Zafer-name[书]《武功记》,342,343,345,410,411,413,414,415,418,423,424,427,430,431,433,435-444各处,448,449,451
Zagan[人]察甘,见Chagan
Zagros[地]扎格罗斯山,169
Zahidan[地]扎希丹(沙尔-奥塔尔),见Sar-Otar
Zain al- 'Abidin[人]赞·阿比丁,431,432
Zaisan, Lake[地]斋桑湖,190,215,523,525,527,532,533
Zamergan[人]扎伯干,见Zabergan
Zaranj[地]扎兰季,428
Zaya Pandita[人]扎雅班第达,520
Zayton[地]刺桐(泉州),见Chüanchow
Zemarchos[人]蔡马库斯,84
Zenjan[地]赞詹,240,245,391
Zerin[地]泽林,364
Ziebil[人]札比尔可汗,179
Ziyad ibn-Salih[人]齐雅德·伊本·萨里,119-120
Znamenka[地]兹纳缅卡,18
Zodan[人]佐登,175
Zoroastrianism[宗]琐罗亚斯特教,7
Zubov[地]祖波夫,16
Zurulum (Corlu)[地]祖鲁姆(乔尔卢),174,184